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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 31, 2022.

Registration No. 333-

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Embark Technology, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

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424 Townsend Street

San Francisco, California 94107

(415) 671-9628

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Richard Hawwa

Chief Financial Officer

Embark Technology, Inc.

424 Townsend Street

San Francisco, California 94107

(415) 671-9628

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale of the securities to the public: From time to time after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) check the following box: ☒

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until this registration statement shall become effective on such date as the SEC, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED MAY 31, 2022

PROSPECTUS FOR

30,450,000 SHARES OF CLASS A COMMON STOCK

OF EMBARK TECHNOLOGY, INC.

This prospectus relates to the potential offer and sale from time to time by CF Principal Investments LLC (“Cantor” or the “Shareholder”) of up to 30,450,000 shares of Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Class A common stock”), of Embark Technology, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“Embark”) that have been or may be issued by us to the Shareholder pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement, dated as of May 31, 2022, by and between us and the Shareholder (the “Purchase Agreement”) establishing a committed equity facility (the “Facility”).

We are not selling any securities under this prospectus and will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of our Class A common stock by the Shareholder. Assuming a price per Class A common stock of $1.50, the closing price of our common stock on May 27, 2022, we may receive up to $43.7 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the Shareholder under the Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of our Class A common stock to the Stockholder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds may be less than this amount depending on the number of shares of our Class A common stock sold and the price at which the shares of Class A common stock are sold. In connection with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we agreed to issue 450,000 shares of Class A common stock (such shares, the “Upfront Commitment Fee”) to the Shareholder as consideration for its execution and delivery of the Purchase Agreement on the Signing Date. See “The Committed Equity Financing” for a description of the Purchase Agreement and the Facility and “Selling Shareholder” for additional information regarding Cantor.

The Shareholder may offer, sell or distribute all or a portion of the Class A common stock hereby registered publicly or through private transactions at prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. We will bear all costs, expenses and fees in connection with the registration of the Class A common stock, including with regard to compliance with state securities or “blue sky” laws. The timing and amount of any sale are within the sole discretion of the Shareholder. The Shareholder is an underwriter under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and any profit on sale of the Class A common stock by them and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by them may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Although the Shareholder is obligated to purchase shares of our Class A common stock under the terms of the Purchase Agreement to extent we choose to sell such Class A common stock to them (subject to certain conditions), there can be no assurances that the Shareholder will sell any or all of the Class A common stock purchased under the Purchase Agreement pursuant to this prospectus. The Shareholder will bear all commissions and discounts, if any, attributable to its sale of Class A common stock. See “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest).”

Our shares of Class A common stock are listed on The Nasdaq Global Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “EMBK.” On May 27, 2022, the closing sale price of shares of our Class A common stock was $1.50.

We are an “emerging growth company” under federal securities laws and are subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. Investing in shares of our common stock involves risks that are described in the “Risk Factors” section beginning on page 7 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be sold pursuant to this prospectus or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The date of this prospectus is            , 2022.

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You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus. No one has been authorized to provide you with information that is different from that contained in this prospectus. This prospectus is dated as of the date set forth on the cover hereof. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than that date.

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TRADEMARKS

This document contains references to trademarks and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this prospectus may appear without the^® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of it by, any other companies.

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SELECTED DEFINITIONS

Unless otherwise stated in this prospectus or the context otherwise requires, references to:

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains statements that are forward-looking and as such are not historical facts. This includes, without limitation, statements regarding the financial position, business strategy and the plans and objectives of management for future operations. These statements constitute projections, forecasts and forward- looking statements, and are not guarantees of performance. Such statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. When used in this prospectus, words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “possible,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “strive,” “would” and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Forward-looking statements in this prospectus and in any document incorporated by reference in this prospectus may include, for example, statements about:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this prospectus and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

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SUMMARY OF THE PROSPECTUS

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus and may not contain all of the information that is important to you in making an investment decision. Before investing in our securities, you should carefully read this entire prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes included in this prospectus and the information set forth under the headings “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” See also the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Our Company

We develop technologically advanced autonomous driving software for the truck freight industry and offer a carefully constructed business model that is expected to provide the industry with the most attractive path to adopting autonomous driving. Specifically, we have developed a Software as a Service (“SaaS”) platform designed to interoperate with a broad range of truck original equipment manufacturer (“OEM”) platforms, forgoing complicated and logistically challenging truck building or hardware manufacturing operations in favor of focusing on a superior driving technology. At scale, domestic shippers and carriers will be able to access our technology via a subscription software license selected as an option at the time they specify the build of new semi-trucks.

Headquartered in San Francisco, California, our history as the industry’s longest running autonomous truck driving program is replete with technological firsts that include, but are not limited to:

Our founding team includes roboticists and our broader team includes numerous computer scientists, many with advanced degrees and experience at other leading robotics and autonomous vehicle companies and academic programs.

We have also spent considerable time and effort developing our business model. We are initially deploying our leading-edge technology in a very focused manner, by targeting freight highway miles between transfer points located next to metropolitan areas in the lower “Sunbelt” region of the United States ( the “U.S.”) and leaving the “last mile” of driving to and from the transfer points to the industry’s highly skilled human drivers. Our strategy is distinct from other industry players seeking to provide more complicated “end to end” autonomous driving solution that would entirely displace human drivers and potentially place these companies in competition with the industry’s carriers.

Our business model focus does not come at any significant commercial expense for our stockholders because the serviceable market we are targeting is significant. We currently target the rapidly growing $730 billion U.S. truck freight market, and build technology to target 236 billion serviceable miles within this market. The industry has faced significant pressures from the growth of e-commerce and the well-documented shortage of skilled drivers, and therefore has powerful incentives to adopt autonomous driving solutions to both improve capacity and reduce costs. In addition, our cooperative model has already had traction with many of the industry’s leading shippers and carriers.

We believe the freight truck market is poised for a dramatic sea change that will result in an industry that is more profitable, less polluting and provides a more humane lifestyle for its skilled drivers thanks to autonomous driving technology.

Summary Risk Factors

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary, that represent challenges that we face in connection with the successful implementation of our strategy and the growth of our business. In particular, the following considerations, among others, may offset our competitive strengths or have a negative effect on our business strategy, which could cause a decline in the price of shares of Class A common stock or warrants and result in a loss of all or a portion of your investment:

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Corporate Information

We incorporated under the name “Northern Genesis Acquisition Corp. II” on September 25, 2020 as a Delaware corporation for purposes of effecting a merger, share exchange, asset acquisition, share purchase, reorganization or similar business combination with one or more businesses. On November 10, 2021, we changed our name to “Embark Technology, Inc.” in connection with the closing of the Business Combination.

Our principal executive office is located at 424 Townsend Street, San Francisco, CA 94107. Our telephone number is (415) 671-9628. Our website address is www.embarktrucks.com. Information contained on our website is not a part of this prospectus, and the inclusion of our website address in this prospectus is an inactive textual reference only.

Emerging Growth Company

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”) exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a registration statement under the Securities Act declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such an election to opt out is irrevocable. We have elected not to opt out of such extended transition period which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of Embark’s financial statements with those of another public company that is neither an emerging growth company nor an emerging growth company that has opted out of using the extended transition period difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (a) December 31, 2026, (b) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (c) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter, and (d) the date on which we have issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

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THE OFFERING

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For additional information concerning the offer, see “Plan of Distribution (Conflict of Interest).”

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RISK FACTORS

An investment in Embark involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, including the financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this prospectus, before making an investment decision. Additional risks and uncertainties, that Embark does not presently consider to be material or of which Embark is not presently aware, also may become important factors that affect the business, results of operations or financial condition of Embark, or that may materially and adversely affect the trading price of Embark’s common stock and warrants. See the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Risks Related to the Committed Equity Financing

It is not possible to predict the actual number of shares of Class A common stock, if any, we will sell under the Purchase Agreement to Cantor, or the actual gross proceeds resulting from those sales.

On May 31, 2022, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Cantor, pursuant to which Cantor has committed to purchase up to 30,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock (the “Total Commitment”), subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. The Class A common stock that may be issued under the Purchase Agreement may be sold by us to Cantor at our discretion from time to time until the earliest to occur of (i) the first day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the effectiveness of this registration statement, (ii) the date on which Cantor has purchased the Total Commitment pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, (iii) the date on which our Class A common stock fails to be listed or quoted on Nasdaq or any alternative market, and (iv) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against us, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors.

We generally have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our Class A common stock to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement. Sales of our Class A common stock, if any, to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement will depend upon market conditions and other factors to be determined by us. We may ultimately decide to sell to Cantor all, some or none of the Class A common stock that may be available for us to sell to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement.

Because the purchase price per share of Class A common stock to be paid by Cantor for the Class A common stock that we may elect to sell to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Class A common stock at the time we elect to sell shares to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, it is not possible for us to predict, as of the date of this prospectus and prior to any such sales, the number of shares of Class A common stock that we will sell to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, the purchase price per share that Cantor will pay for shares of Class A common stock purchased from us under the Purchase Agreement, or the aggregate gross proceeds that we will receive from those purchases by Cantor under the Purchase Agreement.

The Purchase Agreement provides that we may, in our discretion, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement, direct Cantor to purchase shares of our Class A common stock from us in one or more purchases under the Purchase Agreement, as the purchase price per share of our Class A common stock will depend on then market price, which may fluctuate significantly. Assuming a price per share of Class A common stock of $1.50, the closing price of our common stock on May 27, 2022, we may receive up to $43.7 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the Shareholder under the Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of our Class A common stock to the Stockholder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds may be less than this amount depending on the number of shares of our Class A common stock sold and the price at which the shares of Class A common stock are sold.

The number of Class A common stock ultimately offered for sale by Cantor is dependent upon the number of shares of Class A common stock, if any, we ultimately elect to sell to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement. However, even if we elect to sell Class A common stock to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Cantor may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices.

Investors who buy Class A common stock from the Shareholder at different times will likely pay different prices.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will have discretion to vary the timing, price and number of shares sold to Cantor. If and when we elect to sell Class A common stock to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Cantor has acquired such Class A common stock, Cantor may resell all, some or none of such shares at any time or from time to time in its sole discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase shares from Cantor in this offering at different times will likely pay different

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prices for those shares, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. Investors may experience a decline in the value of the shares they purchase from Cantor in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Cantor at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of shares to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of shares or the mere existence of our arrangement with Cantor may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

We may use proceeds from sales of our Class A common stock made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.

We will have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from sales of our Class A common stock made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, including for any of the purposes described in the section entitled “Use of Proceeds,” and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. However, we have not determined the specific allocation of any net proceeds among these potential uses, and the ultimate use of the net proceeds may vary from the currently intended uses. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our Class A common stock.

Risks Related to Embark’s Technology, Business Model, and Industry

Autonomous driving is an emerging technology and involves significant risks and uncertainties.

Embark’s autonomous vehicle technology is highly dependent on internally-developed technology as well as on partnerships with third parties that could include semi-truck OEMs, carriers and other suppliers. Embark develops and integrates its autonomous driving technology and works with OEMs and other suppliers to develop autonomous driving technology hardware.

While Embark’s autonomous driving technology, including the Embark Universal Interface, Embark Driver and Embark Guardian is designed to be compatible with all major OEM platforms, Embark does not control many aspects of semi-truck production. The timely development and performance of its autonomous driving programs is dependent on the materials, cooperation, and quality delivered by OEMs and other production stakeholders. Embark’s technology is designed to interface with systems and components outside of its design and production control, including those related to braking, steering and gear shifting. There can be no assurance that those applications can be developed and validated at the high reliability standard required for L4 autonomous driving in a cost-effective and timely manner. Embark’s dependence on OEMs exposes it to the risk that components manufactured by OEMs or other suppliers could contain defects that would cause Embark’s autonomous driving technology to not operate as intended.

In addition, Embark’s autonomous driving technology may be implemented to complement the infrastructure used by its shipper and/or carrier partners, and an appropriate implementation will require the cooperation of these partners. A failure of a shipper or carrier partner to provide required information, resources or other support may slow or compromise aspects of its technology either in the implementation phase or operationally.

Although Embark believes that its algorithms, data analysis and processing, and artificial intelligence technology are promising, it cannot assure you that its technology will achieve the necessary reliability for L4 autonomy at commercial scale. For example, Embark is always improving its technology in terms of handling non-compliant driving behavior by other cars on the road as well as other real world conditions. There can be no assurance that Embark’s data analytics and artificial intelligence could predict every single potential issue that may arise during the operation of its technology.

Embark currently directly operates a small R&D fleet of trucks to further develop its autonomous driving technology and demonstrate its technology. To date, all of Embark’s autonomous miles driven have been “driver in.” There can be no assurance that Embark will successfully transition to “driver out” operations on its expected schedule or that its R&D fleet will successfully develop and/or prove out its autonomous driving technology.

Embark has a limited operating history and an unproven business model in a new market and faces significant challenges as its industry is rapidly evolving. Its prospects may be considered speculative and any failure to commercialize its strategic plans would have an adverse effect on its operating results and business, harm its reputation and could result in substantial liabilities that exceed its resources.

Embark commenced operations in 2016 and launched its Partner Development Program (“PDP”) in April 2021, a program to bring together leading shippers and carriers to work on autonomous trucking technology. Embark’s business model relies on the adoption of its autonomous vehicle technology by its partner carriers and the continued cooperation of OEMs with its universal

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interface. While Embark believes this model is an efficient way to develop and implement its technology, its business model is unproven and there can be no assurance that an alternative model adopted by its competitors in the autonomous vehicle space will not prove superior. In addition, the market for autonomous vehicle technology is rapidly evolving.

You should consider Embark’s business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges it faces as a new entrant into a novel industry, including, among other things, with respect to its ability to:

If Embark fails to address any of these risks and challenges, its business may be materially and adversely affected and Embark may be forced to alter its business model in ways that are difficult to predict, including by providing direct service to shippers or reevaluating its relationships with OEMs. There are also a number of additional challenges to L4 autonomous driving, many of which are not within Embark’s control, including market acceptance of autonomous driving, governmental licensing requirements, concerns regarding data security and privacy, actual and threatened litigation (whether or not a judgment is rendered against Embark), and any general negative perceptions regarding autonomous vehicle technology due to safety, security, job displacement or other reasons. There can be no assurance that the market will accept Embark’s technology, in which case its future business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

To implement Embark’s business plan additional capital may be required beyond the amount raised to date. Furthermore, the implementation of a new business model (or an alternative business model) in an evolving industry poses a number of challenges, many of which are beyond Embark’s control, including unknown future challenges and opportunities, substantial risks and expenses in the course of entering new markets and undertaking marketing activities. The likelihood of Embark’s success must be considered in light of these risks, expenses, complications, delays, and the competitive environment in which it operates. There is, therefore, substantial uncertainty as to whether Embark’s business plan will prove successful, and it may not be able to generate significant revenue, raise additional capital, or operate profitably. Embark will continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early stage commercial companies, including scaling up infrastructure and headcount, and may encounter unforeseen expenses,

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difficulties, or delays in connection with its growth. While Embark’s business model is designed to be minimally capital intensive, there can be no assurance that its expectation regarding future capital requirements will be correct.

Embark’s technology may raise safety or other automation-related concerns causing it to fail to gain acceptance from users and other stakeholders in the freight transportation industry.

Demand for autonomous driving technology depends to a large extent on general, economic, political, and social conditions in a given market. The market opportunities Embark is pursuing are at an early stage of development, and it is difficult to predict user demand or adoption rates for its solutions, or the future growth of the markets in which Embark operates. Despite the fact that the automotive industry has engaged in considerable effort to research and test L2 and L3 autonomous cars, Embark technology targeting L4 autonomous semi-trucks requires significant investment and may never be commercially successful on a large scale, or at all. Embark relies on its existing partnerships with carriers and shippers, as well as its ability to develop new partnerships, to implement its autonomous vehicle technology. If carriers fail to embrace Embark’s technology or cost pressure and current labor markets change in the future, its technology may not become adopted by enough carriers to make Embark’s business model commercially viable. In addition, Embark may rely on OEM manufacturer adoption of certain software and/or hardware requirements to operate profitably which may not occur, or occur in part or on a longer time frame than Embark anticipates.

Further, even if Embark succeeds in operating at commercial scale, because of the disruptive nature of its business to the freight transportation industry, key industry participants may not accept its technology, may develop competing services or may otherwise seek to subvert its efforts. For example, autonomous semi-trucks might displace individual semi-truck drivers and small fleet owners. Labor unions, workforce activists, regulators or political leaders may also raise concerns about autonomous semi-trucks displacing drivers or otherwise negatively affecting employment opportunities, as has been the case in other industries that have been subject to automation. This has in the past resulted, and could in the future result, in negative publicity, lobbying efforts to U.S. local, state, and federal, lawmaking authorities, or equivalent authorities in the foreign jurisdictions in which Embark seeks to do business, to implement legislation or regulations that make it more difficult to operate its business or boycotts of it or its users. While Embark is primarily focused on the domestic U.S. market, any future operations in foreign jurisdictions would require Embark to address complex, evolving and unique regulatory regimes and implicate political questions regarding the national interest of such countries in their domestic shipping industry. Any such occurrences could materially harm Embark’s future business.

Additionally, regulatory, safety, and reliability issues, or the perception thereof, many of which are outside of Embark’s control, could also cause the public or its potential partners and users to lose confidence in autonomous solutions in general. The safety of such technology depends in part on user interaction and users, as well as other drivers, pedestrians, other obstacles on the roadways or other unforeseen events. For example, there have been several crashes involving automobiles using other autonomous driving technology resulting in death or personal injury, including both fully autonomous vehicles and vehicles where autopilot features are engaged. Even though these incidents were unrelated to Embark’s technology, such cases resulted in significant negative publicity and, in the future, could result in suspension or prohibition of self-driving vehicles. If safety and reliability issues for autonomous driving technology cannot be addressed properly, Embark’s business, prospects, operating results, and financial condition could be materially harmed.

Embark’s autonomous driving technology and related hardware and software could have undetected defects, errors or bugs in hardware or software which could create safety issues, reduce market adoption, damage its reputation with current or prospective users, result in product recalls or other actions, or expose it to product liability and other claims that could materially and adversely affect its business.

Embark’s autonomous driving technology is highly technical and very complex, and has in the past and may in the future experience defects, errors or bugs at various stages of development. Embark may be unable to timely correct problems to its partners’ and users’ satisfaction. Additionally, there may be undetected errors or defects especially as it introduces new systems or as new versions are released. These risks are particularly significant in the freight transport market given the high potential value of each load, as any such errors or defects could result in costly delays or losses, leading to the delay or prevention of the adoption of autonomous driving technology in trucks.

There can be no assurance that Embark will be able to detect and fix any defects in its products prior to their sale to or installation for customers. Errors or defects in Embark’s products may only be discovered after they have been tested, commercialized, and deployed. If that is the case, Embark may incur significant additional development costs and product recall, repair or replacement costs, or liability for personal injury or property damage caused by such errors or defects, as these issues could result in claims against it. Embark’s reputation or brand may be damaged as a result of these problems and users may be reluctant to use its services, which could adversely affect its ability to retain existing users and attract new users, and could materially and adversely affect its financial results.

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In addition, Embark could face material legal claims for breach of contract (e.g. with one or more of its partners), product liability, tort or breach of warranty, or be required to indemnify others, as a result of these problems. Any such lawsuit may cause irreparable damage to Embark’s brand and reputation. In addition, defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, could be costly and may divert management’s attention and adversely affect the market’s perception of Embark and its services. Additionally, Embark is operating in an emerging market with an undefined insurance liability framework and evolving expectations regarding indemnifications obligations. As the market terms for indemnification and insurance are established, they may develop in ways that are adverse to Embark. Embark’s business liability insurance coverage could prove inadequate with respect to a claim and future coverage may be unavailable on acceptable terms or at all. These product-related issues could result in claims against Embark and its business could be materially and adversely affected.

The operation of autonomous semi-trucks may be unfamiliar to Embark’s users and other road users.

Embark has developed Embark Driver and Embark Guardian to automate Embark’s carrier partners’ semi-trucks but there can be no assurance that its technology will be perceived to be comparable to non-autonomous semi-trucks by carriers, other drivers or regulators. Embark’s proprietary artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine vision capabilities are specifically engineered to interface with all major semi-truck OEMs and meet the demands of commercial trucks. In certain instances, these protections may cause the vehicle to behave in ways that are unfamiliar to drivers of non-autonomous driving trucks. For example, semi-trucks equipped with Embark’s L4 technology may adhere to safety rules in a stricter manner than some human drivers may be accustomed to.

Furthermore, there can be no assurance that Embark’s carrier partners will be able to properly adapt to the different operation processes for Embark’s L4 autonomous semi-trucks or that its Embark Universal Interface will continue to be compatible with semi-truck OEMs. For example, carriers may not be able to adapt their business processes to address activities such as the dispatching of trucks, pre-trip inspections, remote monitoring, and rescuing of trucks. Any accidents resulting from such failure to inspect, operate or maintain Embark’s L4 autonomous semi-trucks properly could harm its brand and reputation, result in adverse publicity, and product liability claims, and have a material adverse effect on its business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Embark operates in a highly competitive market and some market participants have substantially greater resources. Embark competes against a large number of both established competitors and new market entrants.

The market for autonomous trucking and freight transport solutions is highly competitive. Many companies are seeking to develop autonomous trucking and delivery solutions. Competition in these markets is based primarily on technology, innovation, quality, safety, service, strategy, reputation, and price. Embark’s future success will depend on its ability to further develop and protect its technology in a timely manner and to stay ahead of existing and new competitors. Embark’s competitors in this market are working toward commercializing autonomous driving technology and may have substantial financial, marketing, research and development, and other resources. Some examples of Embark’s competitors include TuSimple, Waymo, Aurora, and Kodiak.

In addition, the carriers Embark serves operate in a competitive environment and face competition from other trucking companies that use autonomous or non-autonomous trucks, railroads, and air carriers. Traditional shipping fleets and other carriers operating with human drivers are still the predominant operators in the market. Because of the long history of such traditional freight transport companies serving the freight market, there may be many constituencies in the market that would resist a shift toward autonomous freight transport, which could include lobbying and marketing campaigns on a scale that Embark may not be able to successfully oppose, particularly because Embark’s technology will replace human-driven long haul semi-truck miles. In addition, the market leaders in the automotive industry (including the OEMs Embark has designed its technology to interface with) may start, or have already started, pursuing large scale deployment of autonomous vehicle technology on their own. These companies may have more operational and financial resources than Embark. Embark cannot guarantee that it will be able to effectively compete with them. Embark does not know how close these competitors are to commercializing autonomous driving systems.

Furthermore, although Embark believes that its technology is on the leading edge of autonomous vehicle development, many established and new market participants have entered or have announced plans to enter the autonomous vehicle market. Most of the existing participants have significantly greater financial, manufacturing, marketing, and other resources than Embark does and may be able to devote greater resources to the design, development, manufacturing, distribution, promotion, sale, and support of their products. New entrants may develop or leverage disruptive technology to commercialize their offerings more quickly than Embark. If existing competitors or new entrants are able to commercialize earlier than expected, Embark’s competitive advantage could be adversely affected.

Reservations for our Embark-equipped autonomous trucks are cancellable.

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As of March 31, 2022, we have accepted 14,200 reservations for Embark-equipped autonomous trucks. Until the customer enters into a purchase agreement for our Embark-equipped autonomous trucks, which is within the discretion of the customer, the reservation can be canceled and the customer is entitled to a full refund of its deposit (to the extent previously paid). We have not entered into purchase agreements with any of our customers that have reserved our Embark-equipped autonomous trucks.

Because all of our reservations are cancellable, it is possible that a significant number of customers who submitted reservations for our Embark-equipped autonomous trucks may cancel those reservations. Given the anticipated lead times between customer reservation and delivery of our Embark-equipped autonomous trucks, there is a heightened risk that customers that have made reservations may not ultimately take delivery of our vehicles due to potential changes in customer preferences, competitive developments, and other factors. As a result, no assurance can be made that reservations will not be canceled, or that reservations will ultimately result in the purchase of our Embark-equipped autonomous trucks. Any cancellations could harm our financial condition, business, prospects, and operating results.

Disruptions to the trucking industry, including changes in transportation and shipping infrastructure, could adversely impact Embark’s business and operating results.

Embark’s business and financial performance are affected by the health of the U.S. truck freight industry, which is reliant on infrastructure maintained by third parties and is affected by risks that are largely out of the control of industry participants.

Embark’s partners may experience capacity constraints due to increased demand for transportation services and decaying highway infrastructure. In 2021, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (“ILJA”, PL 117-58) was signed into law and will provide significant federal funding to improve and maintain the nation’s deteriorating infrastructure. While the bill included significant investments in the nation’s roadway infrastructure, the benefits of the legislation will likely take years to realize. In the meantime, poor infrastructure conditions and roadway congestion could slow service times, reduce operating efficiency and increase maintenance expense for truck operators. Some states have explored or instituted road-usage programs, truck-only tolling, congestion pricing, and fuel tax increases in order to make more immediate infrastructure investments. In addition, while climate resilience also received sizeable investments in the ILJA, risks including harsh weather or natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, fires and floods, global pandemics and acts of terrorism could further damage existing infrastructure. Damage or further deterioration of highway infrastructure could negatively impact Embark’s partners and ultimately Embark’s business and operating results by increasing costs associated with truck freight. While the bill does not directly earmark money for freight rail programs, it does increase funding to numerous discretionary grant programs of which freight rail entities are eligible recipients. Sizeable investments through these or other programs into the freight rail industry, as well as ILJA’s investments in port and waterways infrastructure could negatively impact the truck freight industry, and ultimately Embark.

Risks Related to Embark’s Dependence on Third Parties

Embark’s business model depends on acceptance of its technology by third-party carriers and shippers including through attracting new customers and retaining existing customers and Embark’s existing relationships with key business partners are subject to non-binding agreements which may be cancelled in the future. Business collaboration with partners is subject to risks, and these relationships may not lead to significant revenue. Any adverse change in Embark’s cooperation partners, including the cancellation of existing agreements, or failure to attract and retain customers could harm its business.

Embark does not intend to operate its own freight shipping network and Embark does not produce or sell complete semi-trucks. Accordingly, Embark’s business model depends on carriers and shippers specifying its technology into their new semi-trucks and OEMs continuing to be willing to allow Embark’s technology to be incorporated to their vehicles. The strategic business relationships are and will continue to be an important factor in the growth and success of Embark’s business. Embark has alliances and partnerships with certain such companies in the trucking and automotive industry to help Embark in its efforts to continue to enhance its technology, commercialize its solutions, and drive market acceptance. Embark has growing partnerships with leading carriers, such as Werner Enterprises, Bison Transport and certain shippers such as AB Inbev and will continue to cultivate these partnerships while establishing new ones in the future. There can be no assurance that these relationships will continue or that Embark’s efforts to develop new partnership will be successful. In addition, Embark will also need to identify and negotiate additional relationships with other third parties, such as those who can provide service centers, maintenance, refueling, roadside service, towing, sensor support, and financing services in connection with the build out of Embark’s Transfer Hub network or other aspects of its business. While Embark is pursuing partnerships with truck facility operators and expects to partner with other facility owners and real estate developers to build out its Transfer Hub network, there can be no assurance that these partnerships will continue or prove successful. Embark may not be able to successfully identify and negotiate definitive agreements with these third parties to provide the services Embark would require on terms that are attractive or at all, which would cause Embark to incur increased costs to develop and provide these capabilities.

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Collaboration with these third parties is subject to risks, some of which are outside Embark’s control. Third parties may be unwilling to deepen a contractual partnership beyond the exploratory stage, may include onerous provisions or demand exclusivity or pricing concessions that would negatively impact Embark’s business model or growth. Embark could experience delays to the extent its partners do not meet agreed upon timelines or experience capacity constraints. Embark could also experience disagreement in budget or funding for any joint development project, including its Transfer Hubs. There is also a risk of other potential disputes with partners in the future, including with respect to intellectual property rights. Embark’s ability to successfully commercialize could also be adversely affected by perceptions about the quality of its partners’ trucks.

If Embark’s existing partner agreements were to be terminated, Embark may be unable to enter into new agreements on terms and conditions acceptable to Embark. Failure to obtain replacement partners or agreements could delay adoption of Embark’s technology or build out of its Transfer Hub network. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect Embark’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Embark relies on third-party suppliers and because some of the key components in Embark’s systems come from limited or sole sources of supply, Embark is susceptible to supply shortages, long lead times for components, and supply changes, or system unavailability, any of which could disrupt its supply chain and could delay deliveries of Embark’s products to users. In addition, any inability of Embark to adequately forecast supply and demand for its products or the manufacturing capacity of its suppliers and partners could result in a variety of inefficiencies in its business and hinder its ability to generate revenue.

Many of the components that are used to outfit semi-trucks with Embark’s autonomous technology are sourced from third-party suppliers. Component parts sourced from third parties include cameras, radars, LiDARs and GPS systems. Embark does not have any experience in managing a large supply chain to manufacture and deliver products at scale. In addition, some of the components come from limited or sole sources of supply. Embark is also dependent on its suppliers’ production timeline for supplying automotive-grade LiDAR at scale. Embark is therefore subject to the risk of shortages and long lead times in the supply of these components and the risk that its suppliers discontinue or modify components used in its technology. In addition, Embark’s agreements with its third party suppliers are non-exclusive and it is reasonably foreseeable that OEM relationships with such suppliers will be non-exclusive in the future. Embark’s suppliers may dedicate more resources to other companies, including Embark’s competitors. Embark may in the future experience component shortages and price fluctuations of certain key components and materials, and the predictability of the availability and pricing of these components may be limited. Component shortages or pricing fluctuations could be material in the future. In the event of a component shortage, supply interruption, product defect or material pricing change from suppliers of these components, Embark may not be able to develop alternate sources in a timely manner or at all in the case of sole or limited sources.

In addition, Embark uses the services of certain software suppliers in its technology, such as cloud hosting providers, that Embark relies upon to meet its uptime, data security and other commercial commitments. Developing alternate sources of supply for these components or systems may be time-consuming, difficult, and costly and Embark may not be able to source these services on terms that are acceptable to it, or at all, which may undermine Embark’s ability to meet its requirements or to fill user orders in an appropriate manner.

Any interruption or delay in the supply of any of these parts, components or services, or the inability to obtain these parts, components or services from alternate sources at acceptable prices and within a reasonable amount of time, would adversely affect Embark’s ability to meet scheduled technology deliveries to users. This could adversely affect Embark’s relationships with its users and could cause delays in its ability to expand its operations. If Embark is unable to source necessary components for its Embark Universal Interface in quantities sufficient to meet its requirements on a timely basis, or is unable to ensure that OEMs are able to source Embark Universal Interface components, Embark will not be able to have sufficient ability to ensure user demand is met, which may result in users using competitive services instead of Embark’s.

Embark’s approach of creating a manufacturer-agnostic product exposes it to the risk of exclusive competitor partnerships and other challenges that limit integration of its technology to products of multiple OEMs.

While Embark designed its platform, the Embark Universal Interface, with the aim to access the broadest market by allowing carriers and shippers to utilize Embark’s services while still maintaining their OEM of choice, this aim of universality means that Embark’s relationships with OEMs are neither binding nor exclusive. If a competitor chooses to sign an exclusivity agreement with an OEM that prevents Embark from outfitting those manufacturer’s semi-trucks, Embark’s ability to reach production commitments at the intended breadth will be materially and adversely affected. Embark’s potential inability to ensure a particular OEM’s trucks are outfitted with Embark technology may materially and adversely impact its value proposition to shippers’ and carriers’ that utilize or may wish to utilize that OEM’s semi-trucks.

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If a competitor comes to a preferential agreement with an OEM that requires the OEM preferentially manufacture semi-trucks for the competitor over Embark-equipped customers, this will put Embark at a competitive disadvantage in terms of its ability to fulfill orders in a timely manner. This will expose Embark to additional risks from manufacturer bottlenecks and component shortages. Any potential delay or interruption in Embark’s ability to ensure demand is met may lead its customers to seek a competitor instead. If changing market conditions dictate Embark to pursue exclusivity or preferential agreements with an OEM manufacturer, there can be no assurance that Embark will be successful in doing so.

OEMs operate in a highly competitive industry that pushes OEMs to constantly make changes to their products. Although, Embark believes that its product can be successfully integrated to semi-trucks of multiple OEMs, changes made by OEMs to their products and other unforeseen technological developments might limit integration of Embark’s platform to products of multiple OEMs or make such integration more difficult. Furthermore, Embark’s model exposes it to differing requirements among OEMs which may require it to expend more resources than competitors that work with a single OEM. Such technological developments may have material and adverse effects of Embark’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Embark depends on an international supply chain that is subject to risk of foreign regulatory requirements and trade policy.

Many of the components that Embark requires for outfitting its trucks are sourced from international third-party suppliers. Changes in global political, regulatory and economic conditions, or in laws and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development, and investment in the territories or countries where Embark currently purchases components, could adversely affect its business. The U.S. has recently instituted or proposed changes in trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, the imposition of higher tariffs on imports into the U.S, economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries, and other government regulations affecting trade between the U.S. and other countries. A number of other nations have proposed or instituted similar measures directed at trade with the U.S. in response. As a result of these developments, there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade that could adversely affect Embark’s business. For example, such changes could adversely affect the automotive market, and Embark’s ability to access key components. It may be time-consuming and expensive for Embark to alter its business operations to adapt to or comply with any such changes, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Embark’s Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

Embark is an early stage company with a history of losses, and expects to incur significant expenses and continuing losses for the foreseeable future.

Embark incurred net losses of $21.5 million and $124.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively and has not recognized revenue to date. Embark has successfully shipped freight for shippers and carriers to utilizing its technology and Transfer Hub network but there is no guarantee that Embark’s partnership model will get traction, grow or otherwise be successful or achieve sufficient scale for commercial viability. Embark’s potential profitability is dependent upon a number of factors, many of which are beyond its control.

Embark expects the rate at which it will incur losses to be significantly higher in future periods as Embark:

Because Embark will incur the costs and expenses from these efforts before it receives any incremental revenue, its losses in future periods will be significant. In addition, Embark may find that these efforts are more expensive than it currently anticipates or

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that these efforts may not result in revenue, which would further increase its losses. In particular, Embark expects to incur substantial and potentially increasing research and development (“R&D”) costs. Embark’s R&D costs were $18.8 million and $55.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively, and are likely to grow in the future. While Embark expects to operate a small fleet of semi-trucks for purposes of R&D and does not intend to maintain a large scale freight network of Embark-owned semi-trucks, the acquisition and maintenance of semi-trucks is expensive, and changing market conditions may force Embark to alter its business model in the future necessitating a larger fleet. Because Embark accounts for R&D as an operating expense, these expenditures will adversely affect its results to operations in the future. Further, Embark’s R&D program may not produce successful results, and Embark’s new products may not achieve market acceptance, create additional revenue, or become profitable.

Embark expects to engage in resource-intensive R&D and commercialization activities for the foreseeable future, which may require it to raise additional funds and these funds may not be available to Embark on attractive terms when it needs them, or at all. If Embark cannot raise additional funds on attractive terms when it needs them, its operations and prospects could be negatively affected.

The commercialization of technology and Transfer Hub network is expected to require significant capital expenditures. To date, Embark has not generated any revenue and prior to the consummation of the Business Combination financed its operations primarily through the issuance of equity securities in private placements. As of March 31, 2022, Embark had cash and cash equivalents of $244.5 million. Embark will need to raise additional capital to continue to fund its research and development and commercialization activities and to improve its liquidity position. Embark’s ability to obtain the necessary financing to carry out its business plan is subject to a number of factors, including general market volatility, investor acceptance of its business plan, regulatory requirements, including foreign investment reviews, and the successful development of its autonomous technology. These factors may make the timing, amount, terms, and conditions of such financing unattractive or unavailable to Embark.

Embark may raise these additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity related, or debt securities. To the extent that Embark raises additional financing by issuing equity securities or convertible debt securities, stockholders of the combined business may experience substantial dilution, and to the extent Embark engages in debt financing, it may become subject to restrictive covenants that could limit its flexibility in conducting future business activities. Financial institutions may request credit enhancement such as third-party guarantee and pledge of equity interest in order to extend loans to Embark. Embark cannot be certain that additional funds will be available to it on attractive terms when required, or at all. If Embark cannot raise additional funds when it needs them, its financial condition, results of operations, business, and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

Macroeconomic headwinds may materially impact our ability execute upon our anticipated business model and/or our commercialization or technology roadmap

As of March 7, 2022, Nasdaq entered into a “bear market” based on a decline of 20% from its November 19, 2021 peak. As a consequence of the negative market sentiment arising from factors such as inflation, interest rate impacts and the impact of COVID-19 on the global supply chain, access to credit, share price performance, cost of capital, among others, Embark’s business has been and may continue to be negatively impacted. As a result, Embark is continuing to evaluate key factors such as its commercialization timeline, scope of commercialization, anticipated headcount and operating expenses. In order to best position Embark for success against current and future anticipated commercialization objectives, Embark is considering and may develop new business models and markets ancillary to its current commercialization roadmap.

Embark may be subject to risks associated with potential future strategic alliances, partnerships, investments or acquisitions, all of which could divert management’s attention, result in Embark incurring significant costs or operating difficulties and dilution to its stockholders, disrupt its operations and adversely affect its business, results of operations or financial condition.

Although Embark has no current acquisition plans, if appropriate opportunities arise, it may acquire additional assets, products, technology or businesses that are complementary to its existing business. Any future acquisitions and the subsequent integration of new assets and businesses would require significant attention from Embark’s management and could result in a diversion of resources from its existing business, which in turn could have an adverse effect on its operations, and consequently its results of operations and financial condition. Acquired assets or businesses may not generate the financial results Embark expects. Acquisitions could result in the use of substantial amounts of cash, potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, significant goodwill impairment charges, amortization expenses for other intangible assets and exposure to potential unknown liabilities of the acquired business. Moreover, the costs of identifying and consummating acquisitions may be significant.

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The forecast of Embark’s operating and financial results relies in large part upon assumptions and analyses developed by its management team. If these assumptions or analyses prove to be incorrect, Embark’s actual operating results may be materially different from its forecasted results.

Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with Embark’s expectations and assumptions depends on a number of factors, some of which are outside Embark’s control, including, but not limited to:

Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors some of which are beyond Embark’s control, could cause actual results to differ materially from Embark’s forward-looking information included in this prospectus, and could materially and adversely affect Embark’s business, results of operations or financial condition.

Investors should not rely on outdated financial projections.

In connection with the Business Combination, we disclosed certain projections of Embark's potential financial performance in future years. As previously disclosed, these projections were prepared for Embark's internal use and other management purposes, including to illustrate the potential market opportunity, were finalized in June 2021 and were not updated to reflect events after that date. Also, as previously disclosed, the projections were not prepared with a view toward public disclosure or with a view toward complying with U.S. GAAP, the published guidelines of the SEC or the guidelines established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for preparation and presentation of prospective financial information. Readers were cautioned not to rely on the prospective financial information because actual results are likely to differ materially from the prospective financial information. In light of the substantial passage of time since June 2021, the projections have become outdated and do not represent the current views of management. We reiterate our prior caution not to rely on the previously published and now outdated financial projections. We have not undertaken any obligation to publish any financial projections.

Risks Related to Embark’s Employees and Business Operations

Embark depends on the experience and expertise of its senior management team, technical engineers, and certain key employees, and the loss of any executive officer or key employee, or the inability to identify and recruit executive officers, technical engineers, and key employees in a timely manner, could harm its business, operating results, and financial condition.

Embark’s success depends largely upon the continued services of its key executive officers and certain key employees. Embark relies on its executive officers and key employees in the areas of business strategy, research and development, marketing, sales, services, and general and administrative functions. From time to time, there may be changes in Embark’s executive management team or key employees resulting from the hiring or departure of executives or key employees, which could disrupt Embark’s business. Embark does not maintain key-man insurance for any member of its senior management team or any other employee. Embark does

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not have employment agreements with its executive officers or other key personnel that require them to continue to work for it for any specified period and, therefore, they could terminate their employment with Embark at any time. The loss of one or more of Embark’s executive officers or key employees could have a serious adverse effect on its business.

To execute Embark’s growth plan, it must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense in the technology industry, especially for engineers with high levels of experience in artificial intelligence and designing and developing autonomous driving related algorithms. Furthermore, it can be difficult to recruit personnel from other geographies to relocate to Embark’s San Francisco based headquarters. Embark may also need to recruit highly qualified technical engineers internationally and therefore subject it to the compliance of relevant immigration laws and regulations. Embark has, from time to time, experienced, and expects to continue to experience, difficulty in hiring and retaining employees with appropriate qualifications. Many of the companies with which Embark competes for experienced personnel have greater resources and can offer more attractive compensation packages for new employees. If Embark hires employees from competitors or other companies, their former employers may attempt to assert that these employees or Embark has breached their legal obligations, resulting in a diversion of Embark’s time and resources and potentially in litigation. Conversely, if competitors are able to attract key Embark employees to leave, Embark may face the risk of losing valuable intellectual property and key talent. In addition, job candidates and existing employees often consider the value of the share incentive awards they receive in connection with their employment. If the perceived value of Embark’s share awards declines, it may adversely affect its ability to recruit and retain highly skilled employees. If Embark fails to attract new personnel on a timely basis or fail to retain and motivate its current personnel, it may not be able to commercialize and then expand its technology offering in a timely manner and its business and future growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Embark’s business plan, particularly Embark Guardian, also relies on hiring qualified personnel tasked with providing support and monitoring of trucks equipped with its technology. As a new type of job in an emerging field, Embark might have difficulty hiring, training and retaining enough qualified personnel with success. Embark’s potential inability hire and train enough personnel for those tasks might inhibit or delay its growth, which might have a materially adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Embark relies on stock-based compensation to incentivize its workforce and may be susceptible to significant market fluctuations in its share price that could diminish the perceived value of this component of its compensation strategy.

A key part of Embark’s compensation design and philosophy is to foster an ownership culture and long-term alignment with the Company’s plan through an emphasis on equity compensation, including restricted stock unit awards, that vest into ownership of shares of Embark Class A common stock over time. To the extent that Embark’s share price changes drastically due to excessive market volatility these share price of Class A common stock changes could impact the perception of the value of Embark’s equity awards and the morale of Embark’s workforce, marking it more difficult to retain key talent. In addition, significant share price volatility may result in the award of a different amount of shares to employees performing similar job functions with similar target compensation packages, causing employees to lose confidence in Embark’s compensation system and exacerbating the impact on employee morale. Extended downward share price pressure may result in Embark exhausting its employee equity incentive pool more quickly than anticipated, requiring it to explore alternative compensation frameworks or seeking shareholder approval for a new plan sooner than expected, which may not be approved. Additionally, a new plan would result in greater dilution. Prospective recruits may be less inclined to join Embark due to a perception of the Company and its prospects based on excessive share price volatility.
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Embark has experienced rapid growth in recent periods and expects to continue to invest in its growth for the foreseeable future. If Embark fails to manage its growth effectively, it may be unable to execute its business plan, maintain high levels of service, or adequately address competitive challenges.

Embark has recently experienced a period of rapid growth in its headcount and operations. Embark’s number of full-time employees has increased significantly over the last few years, from 43 employees as of January 1, 2019 to 303 employees as of March 31, 2022. The recent rapid growth in Embark’s business has placed, and is expected to continue to place, a significant strain on its managerial, administrative, operational, and financial resources, as well as its infrastructure. Embark plans to continue to expand its operations in the future. Embark’s success will depend in part on its ability to manage this growth effectively and execute its business plan. To manage the expected growth of Embark’s operations and personnel, Embark will need to continue to improve its operational, financial, and management controls and its reporting systems and procedures.

Embark relies heavily on information technology (“IT”) systems to manage critical business functions. To manage growth effectively, Embark must continue to improve and expand its infrastructure, including IT, financial, and administrative systems and controls. In particular, Embark may need to significantly expand its IT infrastructure as the amount of data it stores and transmits increases over time, which will require that Embark both utilize existing IT products and adopt new technology. If Embark is not able

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to scale its IT infrastructure in a cost-effective and secure manner, its ability to offer competitive solutions will be harmed and its business, financial condition, and operating results may suffer.

Embark must also continue to manage its employees, operations, finances, research and development, and capital investments efficiently. Embark’s productivity and the quality of its solutions may be adversely affected if Embark does not integrate and train its new employees quickly and effectively or if it fails to appropriately coordinate across its executive, research and development, technology, service development, analytics, finance, human resources, marketing, sales, operations, and customer support teams. As Embark continues to grow, it will incur additional expenses, and its growth may continue to place a strain on its resources, infrastructure, and ability to maintain the quality of its technology and service. If Embark does not adapt to meet these evolving challenges, or if the current and future members of its management team do not effectively manage its growth, the quality of its solutions may suffer and its corporate culture may be harmed. Failure to manage Embark’s future growth effectively could cause Embark’s business to suffer, which, in turn, could have an adverse impact on its business, financial condition, and operating results.

Embark’s management team has limited experience managing a public company.

Most of the members of Embark’s management team have limited, if any, experience managing a publicly-traded company, interacting with public company investors, and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Embark’s management team may not successfully or efficiently manage its transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents require significant attention from Embark’s senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of its business, which could adversely affect its business, financial condition, and operating results.

Embark may be subject to breach of contract, product liability or warranty claims and other legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business that could result in significant direct or indirect costs, including reputational harm, increased insurance premiums or the need to self-insure, which could adversely affect its business and operating results.

Embark’s technology is used for autonomous driving, which presents the risk of significant injury, including fatalities. Embark may be subject to claims if one of its or a carrier partners’ semi-truck is involved in an accident and persons are injured or purport to be injured or if property is damaged either directly through a product liability claim, or indirectly via an indemnification demand or breach of partnership contract claim or otherwise. Embark may face claims arising from or related to misuse or claimed failures of its software. Any liability claim may subject Embark to lawsuits and substantial monetary damages, product recalls or redesign efforts, and even a meritless claim may require Embark to defend it, all of which may generate negative publicity and be expensive and time-consuming. Any insurance that Embark carries may not be sufficient or it may not apply to all situations. The risk of serious injury, death, and substantial damage to property is much higher with a substantially heavier fast-moving autonomous semi-truck, as compared to a collision with a slower moving autonomous passenger car in an urban environment. Additionally, semi-trucks may carry valuable cargo that could increase the cost of loss in the event of an accident. In accidents involving semi-trucks, most of the resulting fatalities are victims outside of the semi-truck. If Embark experiences such an event or multiple events, Embark’s insurance premiums could increase significantly or insurance may not be available to it at all. Further, if insurance is not available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, Embark might need to self-insure. In addition, lawmakers or governmental agencies could pass laws or adopt regulations that limit the use of autonomous trucking technology or increase liability associated with its use. Any of these events could adversely affect Embark’s brand, relationships with its carrier partners, operating results, or financial condition.

OEMs and their suppliers may experience significant delays in the manufacture and launch of Embark-enabled autonomous semi-trucks, which could harm Embark’s business and prospects. Similarly Embark’s shipper and carrier partners may find it difficult to finance the acquisition of Embark-enabled autonomous semi-trucks.

Any delay in the broad commercial acceptance and viability of Embark’s autonomous vehicle technology could materially damage its brand, business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results. Even if OEM manufacturers adopt Embark’s technology in their semi-trucks as intended, these manufacturers often experience delays in the manufacture and commercial release of new products meaning that implementation after adoption may be delayed. To the extent Embark delays the launch of its technology on a “driver-out” basis, its growth prospects could be adversely affected. Furthermore, Embark relies on third party suppliers for the provision and development of many of the key components and materials that are incorporated into its Embark Universal Interface, Embark Driver and Embark Guardian technology. To the extent its suppliers experience any delays in providing Embark with or developing necessary components, Embark could experience delays in delivering on its timelines.

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If Embark’s autonomous vehicle technologies fail to perform as expected, are inferior to those of its competitors, or are perceived as less safe or more expensive than those of its competitors or non-autonomous vehicles, Embark’s financial performance and prospects would be adversely impacted.

Several companies other than Embark, including TuSimple, Waymo, Aurora and Kodiak, are developing autonomous vehicle technologies, either alone or through collaborations with car and/or truck manufacturers, with a focus on the truck freight market and/or other transportation industries. Embark expects that one or more these competitors will compete directly with Embark. In the event that Embark’s competitors bring autonomous vehicles capable of serving the freight and trucking industries to market before Embark does, or their technology is or is perceived to be superior to Embark’s, they may be able to leverage such technology to compete more effectively with Embark, which would adversely impact its financial performance and prospects. Finally, macroeconomic factors may impact the attractiveness of autonomous driving as an industry relative to other investment options, increasing the cost of financing to an unacceptable level or the availability of financing in general

If Embark is unable to establish and maintain confidence in its long-term business prospects among users, securities and industry analysts, and within its industries, or is subject to negative publicity, then its financial condition, operating results, business prospects, and access to capital may suffer materially.

Users may be less likely to utilize Embark’s autonomous technology if they are not convinced that Embark’s business will succeed or that its service and support and other operations will continue in the long term. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with Embark if they are not convinced that its business will succeed. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain its business, Embark must maintain confidence among users, suppliers, securities and industry analysts, and other parties in its long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of Embark’s control, such as its limited operating history at scale, user unfamiliarity with its solutions, any delays in scaling manufacturing, delivery, and service operations to meet demand, competition and uncertainty regarding the future of autonomous vehicles, and its performance compared with market expectations.

The Embark Founders have control over all stockholder decisions because they control a substantial majority of Embark’s voting power through “high vote” voting stock.

The dual-class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control with the Embark Founders who hold in the aggregate 70% of the voting power of our capital stock with respect to most issues of corporate governance aside from amendment of the Bylaws, which will require a majority vote of both classes until a Trigger Date of up to two years from the Closing Date. This will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters, including the election of directors, amendments to our organizational documents and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval.

Class A common stock has one vote per share, and Class B common stock has ten votes per share. All the Class B common stock is held by the Embark Founders. Because of the ten-to-one voting ratio between Class B and Class A common stock, the holders of Class B common stock collectively control a majority of the combined voting power of common stock and therefore be able to control all matters submitted to Embark stockholders for approval. This concentrated control will limit or preclude your ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments to our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of Embark’s stockholders.

Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of Class B common stock to Class A common stock means that no third party stockholders can leverage the high vote to offset the voting power held by the Embark Founders.

Pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, terrorist activities, political unrest, and other outbreaks could have a material adverse impact on Embark’s business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or liquidity, and the extent to which Embark will be impacted will depend on future developments, which cannot be predicted.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused Embark to modify its business practices, including by altering employee travel plans, cancelling physical participation in meetings, events, trade shows and conferences, and by implementing work-from-home policies. Embark may take further actions as required by governmental authorities or that Embark determines are in the best interests of its

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employees, users, and business partners. It is possible that governmental authorities in the U.S. or elsewhere may impose a vaccination mandate that could require some or all of our employees, contractors, and partners to be vaccinated against COVID-19 while in the workplace, subject to limited exceptions. Any vaccination mandates adopted by governmental authorities are outside of our control, and, although we cannot predict the full impact of such vaccination requirements on our business and on any of our suppliers or business partners, we believe that vaccination mandates could adversely affect our operations. For example, if a vaccination requirement were implemented that prevented us from working with unvaccinated drivers, our ability to ship freight and our ability to continue testing our truck technology, including our driver-out pilot program, could be disrupted, which could potentially cause a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations, and we may not be able to mitigate the effects of such disruption in a timely manner through the engagement of replacement drivers or otherwise. In addition, the business and operations of our suppliers and other business partners have also been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and may be further adversely impacted in the future, which could result in delays in our ability to commercialize our autonomous trucking solutions. In addition, the business and operations of Embark’s suppliers and other business partners have also been adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and may be further adversely impacted in the future, which could result in delays in Embark’s ability to commercialize its autonomous trucking solutions. As a result of social distancing, travel bans, and quarantine measures, physical access to Embark’s facilities, users, management, support staff, and professional advisors has been limited, which in turn has impacted, and will continue to impact, its operations, and financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic has also resulted in global supply chain challenges, and during 2020 and 2021 we began to experience some supply chain disruptions. We have and may continue to encounter supply chain distributions, which in some instances have affected purchase order lead times for trucks and hardware components. In the future, we may experience supply chain disruptions from third party suppliers and any such supply chain disruptions could cause delays in our development timelines. These supply chain trends that originated during the pandemic could continue to persist and have long-lasting adverse impact on Embark independently of the progress of the pandemic. Any prolonged and significant supply chain disruptions could have a material adverse impact on Embark’s business, results of operations and financial condition.

The extent to which COVID-19 impacts the business, results of operations, and financial condition of Embark and its partners and users will depend on future developments, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the occurrence of future outbreaks from new variants, including the ongoing outbreak of the Omicron variant, duration and spread of such outbreaks, their severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, including the widespread acceptance and efficacy of vaccines, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even if the COVID-19 outbreaks subside, Embark may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to its business as a result of its global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future.

Embark is also vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Embark cannot assure you that any backup systems will be adequate to protect it from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect Embark’s ability to provide services.

Embark has identified deficiencies that together constitute a material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 and 2021. If Embark fails to develop and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, it may not be able to accurately report its financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in Embark.

In connection with Embark’s financial statement close process for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, Embark identified a number of deficiencies that, in combination, constitute a material weakness in the design and operating effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting. The deficiencies Embark identified resulted from a lack of sufficient number of qualified personnel within its accounting and finance functions who possessed an appropriate level of expertise to effectively perform the following functions:

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A material weakness is a deficiency or combination of deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of its financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. These deficiencies could result in additional material misstatements to its consolidated financial statements that could not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

If not remediated, these material weaknesses could result in material misstatements in Embark’s annual or interim consolidated financial statements that might not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, or in delayed filing of required periodic reports. If Embark is unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, or when required in the future, if Embark’s independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of Embark’s financial reports, the market price of our Class A common stock could be adversely affected and Embark could become subject to litigation or investigations by the stock exchanges, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial, compliance, and management resources.

With the oversight of senior management, Embark is in the process of developing a remediation plan and has engaged external advisors and consultants to assist with the implementation of the plan. The Company’s remediation efforts are focused on (i) hiring of personnel with technical accounting and financial reporting experience; (ii) implementation of improved accounting and financial reporting processes; and (iii) implementation of systems to improve the completeness, timeliness and accuracy of the Company’s financial reporting.

Embark believes the measures described above should remediate the material weakness identified and strengthen our internal control over financial reporting. The remediation initiatives outlined above are estimated to take place over the next 6 to 12 months. While Embark continues the challenging and costly process to implement our plan to remediate the material weakness, we cannot predict the success of such plan or the outcome of our assessment of this plan until management designs and implements effective controls that operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective. Our management will monitor the effectiveness of our remediation plans and will make changes management determines to be appropriate. We can give no assurance that this implementation will remediate these deficiencies in internal control or that additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future.

As a private company prior to the Business Combination, we were not required to establish and maintain public company-quality internal control over financial reporting. If Embark fails to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting as a public company, its ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in its financial reporting and the trading price of its shares may decline.

As a public company, we are required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”) requires that we evaluate and determine the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Additionally, once we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” the independent public accounting firm will be required to deliver an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. An adverse report may be issued in the event the independent public accounting firm is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or operating.

When evaluating our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses that we may not be able to remediate in time to meet the applicable deadline imposed upon us for compliance with the requirements of Section 404. If we identify any additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is ineffective, or if the independent public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, we could fail to meet our reporting obligations or be required to restate our financial statements for prior periods.

In addition, our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and fraud. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.

If there are material weaknesses or failures in our ability to meet any of the requirements related to the maintenance and reporting of our internal control, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and that could cause the price of our common stock to decline. In addition, we could become subject to investigations by the applicable stock exchange, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional management attention and which could adversely affect our business.

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We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives. As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules adopted, and to be adopted, by the SEC and the applicable stock exchange. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives and may not effectively or efficiently manage our transition into a public company. Moreover, we expect these rules and regulations to substantially increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly, compared to expenses Embark incurred as a private company. The increased costs will increase our net loss. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits or incur substantially higher costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. We cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of additional costs we may incur to respond to these requirements. The impact of these requirements could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, its board committees or as executive officers.

Risks Related to Embark’s Intellectual Property, Information Technology and Data Privacy

Embark holds no patents on its products, and it may not be successful in its planned patent applications. Embark employs proprietary technology (know-how) and information that may be difficult to protect.

Embark currently relies heavily on trade secrets, proprietary know-how, and technology methods that it seeks to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements. Embark cannot assure you that these agreements will not be breached, that it will discover any such breach, that it will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that its trade secrets and proprietary know-how will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by others. Similarly, Embark cannot assure you that it has entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to its trade secrets or proprietary information. Embark has limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by its third-party partners or suppliers and could lose future trade secret protection if any unauthorized disclosure of such information occurs.

Embark currently does not hold patents from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”). Therefore, Embark’s success depends, in part, on its ability to keep competitors from reverse engineering its products, methods, know-how and to maintain trade secrecy and operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of third parties. If Embark’s trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, Embark could have no right to prevent them from using that trade secret to compete with it. If any of Embark’s trade secrets were to be disclosed (whether lawfully or otherwise) to or independently developed by a competitor or other third party, it could have a material adverse effect on its business, operating results and financial condition.

Embark cannot assure you that the patents of others will not have an adverse effect on its ability to conduct its business, that any of Embark’s trade secrets and applications will be protected, that it will develop additional proprietary technology (know-how) or methods that is defensible against theft or will provide Embark with competitive advantages or will not be challenged by third parties.

Embark plans in the future to apply for and obtain patents on its software and hardware products. To the extent Embark does so, Embark may need to engage in costly and time consuming activities to enforce such patents. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any such patent applications will be granted or even that patents Embark does obtain will be sufficient to protect its intellectual property or will be issued in a timely fashion to deter infringement.

Embark may become subject to litigation brought by third parties claiming infringement, misappropriation or other violation by Embark of their intellectual property rights.

The industry in which Embark operates is characterized by a large number of patents, some of which may be of questionable scope, validity or enforceability, and some of which may appear to overlap with other issued patents. As a result, there is a significant amount of uncertainty in the industry regarding patent protection and infringement. In recent years, there has been significant litigation globally involving patents and other intellectual property rights. Third parties may in the future assert, that Embark has directly or indirectly infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated their intellectual property rights. Embark may receive in the future, letters from third parties that identify patents owned by third parties and invite Embark to obtain licenses to such patents. In any such case Embark may decide to engage in licensing discussions.

Embark may not be able to obtain a commercially reasonable license or any license may not entirely resolve the potential risks of intellectual property infringement. As Embark faces increasing competition and as a public company, the possibility of intellectual property rights claims against Embark or its technology grows. Such claims and litigation may involve one or more of Embark’s competitors focused on using their patents and other intellectual property to obtain competitive advantage, technology companies with

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large patent portfolios in adjacent spaces or patent holding companies or other adverse intellectual property rights holders who have no relevant product revenue, and therefore Embark’s own pending patents and other intellectual property rights may provide little or no deterrence to these rights holders in bringing intellectual property rights claims against Embark. There may be intellectual property rights held by others, including issued or pending patents and trademarks, that cover significant aspects of Embark’s technologies or business methods, and Embark cannot assure you that it is not infringing or violating, and have not infringed or violated, any third-party intellectual property rights or that Embark will not be held to have done so or be accused of doing so in the future. In addition, because patent applications can take many years until the patents issue, there may be applications now pending of which Embark is unaware, which may later result in issued patents that Embark’s products may infringe. Embark expects that in the future it may receive notices that claim Embark or its collaborators have misappropriated or misused other parties’ intellectual property rights, particularly as the number of competitors in its market grows.

To defend itself against any intellectual property claims brought by third parties can be time-consuming for Embark and could result in substantial costs and a diversion of its resources. These claims and any resulting lawsuits, if resolved adversely to Embark, could subject it to significant liability for damages, impose temporary or permanent injunctions against its products, technologies or business operations, or invalidate or render unenforceable its intellectual property.

If Embark’s technology is determined to infringe a valid and enforceable intellectual property right, or if Embark wishes to avoid potential intellectual property litigation on any alleged infringement, misappropriation or other violation of third party intellectual property rights, Embark may be required to do one or more of the following: (i) cease development, sales, or use of its products that incorporate or use the asserted intellectual property right; (ii) obtain a license from the owner of the asserted intellectual property right, which may be unavailable on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, or which may be non-exclusive, thereby giving its competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to Embark; (iii) pay substantial royalties or other damages; or (iv) redesign Embark’s technology or one or more aspects or systems of its software or hardware to avoid any infringement or allegations thereof. The aforementioned options sometimes may not be commercially feasible and may materially adversely affect Embark’s business and/or negatively impact its reputation. Additionally, in Embark’s ordinary course of business, Embark may be called upon to indemnify its users, partners, and other commercial counterparties for any infringement arising out of their use of its technology, along with providing standard indemnification provisions, so Embark may face liability to its users, business partners or third parties for indemnification or other remedies in the event that they are sued for infringement arising from the use of its technology.

Embark may also in the future license third party technology or other intellectual property, and Embark may face claims that its use of such in-licensed technology or other intellectual property infringes, misappropriates or otherwise violates the intellectual property rights of others. In such cases, Embark will seek indemnification from its licensors. However, Embark’s rights to indemnification may be unavailable or insufficient to cover its costs and losses.

Embark utilizes open source software, which may pose particular risks to its proprietary software, technologies, products, and services in a manner that could harm its business.

Embark uses open source software in its products and services and anticipate using open source software in the future. Some open source software licenses require those who distribute open source software as part of their own software products to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software product or to make available any modifications or derivative works of the open source code on open source terms or at no cost. This could result in Embark’s proprietary software being made available in source code form and/or licensed to others under open source licenses, which could allow Embark’s competitors or other third parties to Embark’s proprietary software freely without spending the development effort, and which could lead to a loss of the competitive advantage of its proprietary technologies and, as a result, sales of its products and services. The terms of many open source licenses to which Embark is subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on Embark’s ability to provide or distribute its products or services or retain ownership of its proprietary intellectual property. Additionally, Embark could face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that Embark developed using such software, which could include Embark’s proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of, or alleging breach of, the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require Embark to make its proprietary software source code freely available, purchase a costly license, or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until Embark can re-engineer them to avoid breach of the applicable open source software licenses or potential infringement. This re-engineering process could require Embark to expend significant additional research and development resources, and Embark cannot guarantee that it will be successful.

Additionally, the use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of software. There is typically no support available

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for open source software, and Embark cannot ensure that the authors of such open source software will implement or push updates to address security risks or will not abandon further development and maintenance. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title, non-infringement, or performance, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect Embark’s business. Embark has processes to help alleviate these risks, including a review process for screening requests from Embark’s developers for the use of open source software, but Embark cannot be sure that all open source software is identified or submitted for approval prior to use in its products and services. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could adversely affect Embark’s ownership of proprietary intellectual property, the security of Embark’s vehicles, or its business, results of operations, and financial condition.

If Embark’s software contains serious errors or defects, Embark may lose revenue and market acceptance and may incur costs to defend or settle claims with its licensees, franchisees or other parties.

Software often contains errors, defects, security vulnerabilities or software bugs, some of which are difficult to detect and correct, particularly when first introduced or when new versions or enhancements are released. Despite internal testing, Embark’s software may contain serious errors or defects, security vulnerabilities or software bugs that Embark may be unable to successfully detect or correct in a timely manner or at all, which could result in security incidents, data breaches, vehicle safety issues, product liability claims, lost revenue, significant expenditures of capital, a delay or loss in market acceptance, and damage to Embark’s reputation and brand, any of which could adversely affect Embark’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Embark is exposed to, and may be adversely affected by, interruptions to its information technology systems and networks and sophisticated cyber-attacks.

Embark collects and maintains information in digital form that is necessary to conduct its business, and it relies on information technology systems and networks (“IT systems”) in connection with many of its business activities. Some of these networks and systems are managed by third-party service providers and are not under Embark’s direct control, and as a result, a number of third-party service providers may or could have access to its confidential information. Embark’s operations routinely involve receiving, storing, processing, and transmitting confidential or sensitive information pertaining to its business, users, dealers, suppliers, employees, and other sensitive matters, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, and personal information. It is critical that Embark does so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential or sensitive information. Embark has established physical, electronic, and organizational measures designed to safeguard and secure its systems to prevent a data compromise, and relies on commercially available systems, software, tools, and monitoring to provide security for its IT systems and the processing, transmission, and storage of digital information. Despite the implementation of preventative and detective security controls, such IT systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures or interruptions, system malfunction, natural disasters, malicious human acts, terrorism, and war. Such IT systems, including Embark’s servers, are additionally vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by Embark’s employees, third-party service providers, contractors, consultants, business partners, and/or other third parties, or from cyber-attacks by malicious third parties (including the deployment of harmful malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, social engineering, and other means to affect service reliability and threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information).

Any future cyber incidents could materially disrupt operational systems, result in the loss of trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information, compromise personally identifiable information regarding users or employees and jeopardize the security of Embark’s facilities. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity, and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Embark can provide no assurance that its current IT systems, or those of the third parties upon which Embark relies, are fully protected against cybersecurity threats. It is possible that Embark or its third-party service providers may experience cybersecurity and other breach incidents that remain undetected for an extended period. Even when a security breach is detected, the full extent of the breach may not be determined immediately. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until they are launched against a target, Embark may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures. Information technology security threats, including security breaches, computer malware, and other cyber-attacks are increasing in both frequency and sophistication and could cause Embark to incur financial liability, subject Embark to legal or regulatory sanctions or damage its reputation with users, dealers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. Embark continuously seeks to maintain information security and controls, however its efforts to mitigate and address network security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software programs, and security vulnerabilities may not be successful and the impact of a material cybersecurity event could have a material adverse effect on its competitive position, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Any unauthorized control or manipulation of Embark’s systems could result in loss of confidence in Embark and its products.

Embark’s products contain complex information technology systems and are used to operate large physical machines carrying valuable cargo on roads that will include human drivers. Thus, the potential adverse effect to a successful hacking attack that permits an intruder to control some or all aspects of an AV-operated truck are particularly acute in Embark’s industry. While Embark has implemented security measures intended to prevent unauthorized access to its information technology networks, its products and their systems, malicious entities have reportedly attempted, and may attempt in the future, to gain unauthorized access to modify, alter and use such networks, products and systems to gain control of, or to change, Embark’s products’ functionality, user interface and performance characteristics or to gain access to data stored in or generated by its products. Embark encourages reporting of potential vulnerabilities in the security of its products and aims to remedy any reported and verified vulnerability. However, there can be no assurance that any vulnerabilities will not be exploited before they can be identified, or that Embark’s remediation efforts are or will be successful.

Any unauthorized access to or control of Embark’s software or the semi-trucks that are controlled by its software or their systems or any loss of data could result in legal claims or government investigations. In addition, regardless of their veracity, reports of unauthorized access to Embark’s products, their systems or data, as well as other factors that may result in significant adverse impact on Embark’s reputation, creating the perception that its products, their systems or data are capable of being hacked, may harm its business, results of operations and financial condition. Embark collects, processes, transmits, and stores personal information in connection with the operation of its business and is subject to various data privacy and consumer protection laws. The costs to comply with, or Embark’s actual or perceived failure to comply with, changing U.S. and foreign laws related to data privacy, security, and protection, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or contractual obligations related to data privacy, security, and protection, could adversely affect its financial condition, operating results, and reputation.

In operating its business and providing services and solutions to clients, Embark collects, uses, stores, transmits, and otherwise processes employee, partner, and client data, including personal data, in and across multiple jurisdictions. Embark uses the electronic systems of its Embark Driver and Embark Guardian Systems to log information about each equipped semi-truck’s use in order to aid Embark in vehicle diagnostics, repair, and maintenance, as well as to help it collect data regarding use patterns and preference in order to help it customize and optimize the driving and riding experiences. When Embark-equipped semi-trucks are in operation, the camera, LiDAR, and other sensing components of Embark’s semi-trucks will collect street view, mapping data, landscape images, and other sensor information, which may include personal information such as license plate numbers of other vehicles, GPS data, geolocation data, in order to train the data analytics and artificial intelligence technology equipped in its semi-trucks for the purpose of identifying different objects, and predicting potential issues that may arise during the operation of Embark’s semi-trucks. To the extent that Embark inadvertently collects additional personal data, it may become subject to additional regulatory requirements.

The regulatory framework for data privacy, protection, and security worldwide is continuously evolving and developing and, as a result, interpretation and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. In particular, some of these laws and regulations may require Embark to store certain categories of data collected from individuals residing in a jurisdiction only on servers physically located in such jurisdiction, and may further require Embark to conduct security assessments and/or adopt other cross-border data transfer mechanisms in order to transfer such data outside of such jurisdiction. With the continuously evolving and rapidly changing privacy regulatory regime, Embark’s ability to freely transfer data among its affiliates and with its partners in different jurisdictions may be impeded, or Embark may need to incur significant costs in order to comply with such requirements. In addition, the number of high-profile data breaches at major companies continues to accelerate, which will likely lead to even greater regulatory scrutiny.

The U.S. federal government and various states and governmental agencies also have adopted or are considering adopting various laws, regulations, and standards regarding the collection, use, retention, security, disclosure, transfer, and other processing of sensitive and personal information. In addition, many states in which Embark operates have laws that protect the privacy and security of sensitive and personal information. Certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to sensitive and personal information than federal, international, or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, which may complicate compliance efforts. For example, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”) on June 28, 2018, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California residents and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling personal data of California consumers and meeting certain thresholds. Failure to comply with the CCPA may result in attorney general enforcement action and damage to Embark’s reputation. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that result in the loss of certain types of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, class action data breach litigation. In addition, the CCPA’s restrictions on “sales” of personal information may restrict Embark’s use of cookies and similar tracking technologies for advertising purposes. To the extent the CCPA applies to Embark, CCPA will increase its compliance costs and potential liability. In addition, many similar laws have been proposed at the federal level and in other states.

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For instance, the state of Nevada recently enacted a law that went into force on October 1, 2019 and requires companies to honor consumers’ requests to no longer sell their data. Violators may be subject to injunctions and civil penalties of up to $5,000 per violation. New legislation proposed or enacted in Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Washington, and other states, and a proposed right to privacy amendment to the Vermont Constitution, imposes, or has the potential to impose, additional obligations on companies that collect, store, use, retain, disclose, transfer, and otherwise process confidential, sensitive, and personal information, and will continue to shape the data privacy environment throughout the U.S. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in Congress of a new federal data protection and privacy law to which Embark could become subject if it is enacted. All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs that are likely to increase over time, may require Embark to modify its data processing practices and policies, and may divert resources from other initiatives and projects. Furthermore, non-compliance with data privacy laws and regulations, or a major breach of Embark’s network security and systems, could have serious negative consequences for its businesses and future prospects, including possible fines, penalties, and damages, reduced customer demand for autonomous vehicle technology, and harm to its reputation and brand, all of which may have a material and adverse impact on its business, financial condition, and operating results.

Embark outsources important aspects of the storage, processing, and transmission of personal information, and thus relies on third parties to manage functions that have material cybersecurity risks. In an attempt to address these risks, Embark may require third-party service providers who handle personal information to sign confidentiality agreements or data processing agreements (if required by applicable data privacy laws), which would contractually require them to safeguard personal information to the same extent that applies to Embark, and in some cases Embark requires such service providers to complete information security questionnaires, quality verification questionnaires, or undergo third-party security examinations or provide data security certifications or security audit results. However, Embark cannot assure that these contractual measures and other safeguards will adequately protect it from the risks associated with the storage and transmission of the personal information of its users, employees, drivers, and passengers.

Many statutory requirements include obligations for companies to notify individuals of security breaches involving certain personal information, which could result from breaches experienced by Embark or its third-party service providers. For example, laws in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia require businesses to provide notice to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. These laws are not consistent, and compliance in the event of a widespread data breach is difficult and may be costly. Moreover, states have been frequently amending existing laws, requiring attention to changing regulatory requirements. Embark also may be contractually required to notify users or other counterparties of a security breach. Although Embark may have contractual protections with its third-party service providers, contractors, and consultants, any actual or perceived security breach could harm its reputation and brand, expose it to potential liability or require it to expend significant resources on data security and in responding to any such actual or perceived breach. Any contractual protections Embark may have from its third-party service providers, contractors or consultants may not be sufficient to adequately protect it from any such liabilities and losses, and Embark may be unable to enforce any such contractual protections.

In addition to government regulation, privacy advocates and industry groups have and may in the future propose self-regulatory standards from time to time. In addition, Embark partners, OEMs or suppliers may be located in other jurisdictions, such as the European Union, that have more stringent privacy regulations that they seek to impose upon Embark through data protection agreements, flowdown provisions or other contractual mechanisms. These and other industry or extraterritorial standards may legally or contractually apply to Embark, or Embark may elect to comply with such standards. Embark expects that there will continue to be new proposed laws and regulations concerning data privacy and security, and Embark cannot yet determine the impact such future laws, regulations, and standards may have on its business. New laws, amendments to or re-interpretations of existing laws, regulations, standards, and other obligations may require Embark to incur additional costs and restrict its business operations. Because the interpretation and application of laws, regulations, standards, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security are still uncertain, it is possible that these laws, regulations, standards, and other obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with Embark’s data processing practices and policies or the features of its products and services. If so, in addition to the possibility of fines, lawsuits, regulatory investigations, public censure, other claims and penalties and significant costs for remediation and damage to its reputation, Embark could be required to fundamentally change its business activities and practices, which could adversely affect its business. Embark may be unable to make such changes and modifications in a commercially reasonable manner, or at all. Any inability to adequately address data privacy or security-related concerns, even if unfounded, or to comply with applicable laws, regulations, standards, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security, could result in additional cost and liability to Embark, harm its reputation and brand, damage its relationship with important clients, and affect its financial condition, operating results, and its reputation.

Also, Embark enters into contracts with third parties (such as its partners and clients) that contain provisions regarding the collection, sharing, and processing of personal information. Although Embark endeavors to comply with its contractual and other privacy-related obligations, it may at times fail to do so or be alleged to have failed to do so. In addition, from time to time, concerns may be expressed about whether Embark’s products and services compromise the privacy of clients and others. Any concerns about

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Embark’s data privacy and security practices (even if unfounded), or any failure, real or perceived, by Embark to comply with its privacy policies, contractual obligations, or any legal or regulatory requirements, standards, certifications, or orders, or other privacy or consumer protection-related laws and regulations applicable to it, could cause its clients to reduce the use of its technology and could affect its financial condition, operating results, and its reputation, and may result in governmental or regulatory investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, criminal compliance orders, litigations, breach of contract claims, or public statements against Embark by government regulatory authorities, its partners and/or clients, data subjects, consumer advocacy groups, or others, all of which could be costly and have an adverse effect on its business.

Furthermore, enforcement actions and investigations by regulatory authorities related to data security incidents and privacy violations continue to increase. Non-compliance could result in proceedings against Embark by data protection authorities, governmental entities or others, including class action privacy litigation in certain jurisdictions, which would subject it to significant fines, penalties, judgments, and negative publicity, and may otherwise affect its financial condition, operating results, and its reputation. Given the complexity of operationalizing data privacy and security laws and regulations to which Embark is subject, the maturity level of proposed compliance frameworks and the relative lack of guidance in the interpretation of the numerous requirements of data privacy and security laws and regulations to which Embark is subject, Embark may not be able to respond quickly or effectively to regulatory, legislative, and other developments, and these changes may in turn impair its ability to offer its existing or planned products and services and/or increase its cost of doing business. In addition, if Embark’s practices are not consistent or viewed as not consistent with legal and regulatory requirements, including changes in laws, regulations, and standards or new interpretations or applications of existing laws, regulations and standards, Embark may become subject to audits, inquiries, whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, or severe criminal or civil sanctions, all of which may affect its financial condition, operating results, and its reputation. Unauthorized access or disclosure of personal or other sensitive or confidential data (including data about third parties), whether through systems failure, employee negligence, fraud, or misappropriation, by Embark, its service providers or other parties with whom Embark does business (if they fail to meet the standards Embark imposes, or if their systems on which its data is stored experience any data breaches or security incidents) could also subject Embark to significant litigation, monetary damages, regulatory enforcement actions, fines, and criminal prosecution in one or more jurisdictions.

Risks Related to Regulations

Embark operates in a highly regulated industry and increased costs of compliance with, or liability for violation of, existing or future regulations could have a materially adverse effect on Embark’s business.

The United States Department of Transportation (“USDOT”) and various state and local agencies exercise broad powers over Embark’s business, generally governing such activities as authorization to engage in motor carrier operations, safety and insurance requirements. Given the evolving nature of autonomous vehicle technology, Embark may become subject to new or more restrictive regulations relating to its technology, or other matters affecting safety or operating methods. Other agencies, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), and the United States Department of Homeland Security, also may regulate Embark’s operations and technology or the shipping industry generally. Future laws and regulations may be more stringent and require changes to Embark’s operating practices, influence the demand for transportation services, or require Embark to incur significant additional costs.

The costs of complying with safety regulations could increase as regulators impose more stringent compliance and reporting requirements in response to product recalls and safety issues in the automotive industry. As the semi-trucks that carry Embark’s systems go into production, Embark or vehicles equipped with its equipment could be subject to existing stringent requirements under the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 (the “Vehicle Safety Act”), including a duty to report, subject to strict timing requirements, safety defects, and to undertake remedial actions under certain circumstances. The Vehicle Safety Act imposes potentially significant civil penalties for violations including the failure to comply with such reporting actions. Embark or vehicles equipped with its equipment could also be subject to the existing U.S. Transportation Recall Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation Act (the “TREAD Act”), which requires motor vehicle equipment manufacturers, such as Embark, to comply with “Early Warning” requirements by reporting certain information to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (the “NHTSA”) such as information related to defects or reports of injury. The TREAD Act imposes criminal liability for violating such requirements if a defect subsequently causes death or bodily injury. If Embark cannot rapidly address any safety concerns or defects with its products, its business, results of operations, and financial condition will be adversely affected.

A federal regulatory regime for vehicle automation safety does not exist, but the USDOT issued guidance in 2016 suggesting, but not requiring, that manufacturers of Automated Driving Systems voluntarily provide public documentation covering topics such as how automated systems detect objects on the road, how information is displayed to drivers, what cybersecurity measures are in place and the methods used to test the design and validation of autonomous driving systems. If the obligations associated with complying

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with safety regulations guidance expand and become mandatory, or if related safety regulations are promulgated and prescribe specific features or engineering approaches that differ from Embark’s development plans, this may require increased resources, divert management’s attention and adversely affect Embark’s business.

From time to time, various federal, state, or local taxes are increased, including taxes on fuels. Embark cannot predict whether, when, or in what form, any such increase may be applied to Embark’s partners, but such an increase could adversely affect Embark’s revenues or profitability, if such taxes result in overall decrease in miles driven by Embark’s partners.

Embark is subject to substantial private and/or public regulations, including regulations governing autonomous and commercial vehicles, and unfavorable changes to, or failure by Embark to comply with, these regulations could substantially harm its business and operating results.

Commercial vehicles are subject to substantial regulation under international, federal, state, and local laws. Regulations designed to govern autonomous vehicle operation, testing and/or manufacture are still developing and may change significantly. These regulations could include requirements that significantly delay or narrowly limit the commercialization of autonomous vehicles, limit the number of autonomous vehicles that Embark can host on its platform, impose restrictions on the number of vehicles in operation and the locations where they may be operated or impose significant liabilities on manufacturers or operators of autonomous vehicles or developers of autonomous vehicle technology. If regulations of this nature are implemented, Embark may not be able to commercialize its autonomous vehicle technology in the manner Embark expects, or at all. The costs of complying with such regulations could be prohibitive and prevent Embark from operating its business in the manner Embark intends, or its potential inability to comply with such regulations may expose it or its partners to the risk of substantial fines or penalties. Conversely, existing regulations may be tailored for human operated motor vehicles and may not permit the use of fully autonomous vehicle technology for certain classes of vehicles or may otherwise restrict the use of such vehicles. For example, 49 CFR §392.22 is a federal regulation that would require a human operator to place hazard signals in specified locations away from a vehicle in the event of a breakdown.

In addition, industry groups involving competitors and other technology stakeholders may promulgate certifications and standards as the autonomous vehicle industry matures and the standards for use of the technology become more standard. Such industry regulation may create the standard for liability in civil claims or may create self-certification requirements Embark needs to meet in order to market or operate its technology. There is no guarantee that Embark will be included in such industry activities or that Embark will be able to comply with industry standards that may develop over time.

Further, Embark is subject to international, federal, state, and local laws and regulations, governing pollution, protection of the environment, and occupational health, and safety, including those related to the use, generation, storage, management, discharge, transportation, disposal, and release of, and human exposure to, hazardous and toxic materials. Such laws and regulations have tended to become more stringent over time.

Fines, penalties, costs, liabilities or the negative perception of failing to meet industry standards associated with such regulations, industry standards or laws, including as a result of Embark’s failure to comply, could be substantial, and could adversely impact its business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

The trucking industry is subject to economic, business and regulatory factors that are largely beyond Embark’s and its partners’ control, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the operations of its partners and ultimately on Embark.

The trucking industry is highly cyclical, and the business of Embark’s partners is dependent on a number of factors that may have a negative impact on Embark’s results of operations, many of which are beyond Embark’s and its partners’ control. Any conditions that negatively impact the trucking industry could ultimately impact demand for Embark’s technology. Embark believes that some of the most significant of these factors are economic changes that affect supply and demand in transportation markets such as:

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Additionally, economic conditions that decrease shipping demand or increase the supply of available tractors and trailers can exert downward pressure on rates and equipment utilization, thereby decreasing asset productivity. The risks associated with these factors are heightened when the U.S. economy is weakened. Some of the principal risks during such times are as follows:

Embark’s partners may be subject to cost increases outside its control that could materially reduce demand for its technology. Such cost increases include, but are not limited to, increases in fuel prices, driver and office employee wages, purchased transportation costs, interest rates, taxes, tolls, license and registration fees, insurance, revenue equipment and related maintenance, tires and other components and healthcare and other benefits for Embark’s employees.

In addition, events outside Embark’s control, such as deterioration of U.S. transportation infrastructure and reduced investment in such infrastructure, strikes or other work stoppages at customer, port, border or other shipping locations, armed conflicts or terrorist attacks, efforts to combat terrorism, military action against a foreign state or group located in a foreign state or heightened security requirements could lead to wear, tear and damage to Embark’s or its customers’ equipment, reduced economic demand and freight volumes, reduced availability of credit, increased prices for fuel or temporary closing of the shipping locations or U.S. borders. Such events or enhanced security measures in connection with such events could negatively impact Embark’s partners and ultimately Embark.

Seasonality and the impact of weather can affect Embark’s revenues and/or profitability.

Truck transportation productivity generally decreases during the winter season because inclement weather impedes operations and some shippers reduce their shipments. At the same time, operating expenses generally increase, with harsh weather creating higher accident frequency, increased claims and more equipment repairs. The trucking industry can also suffer short-term impacts from weather-related events such as hurricanes, blizzards, ice-storms, and floods that could harm Embark’s results or make its results more volatile. As Embark’s anticipated pricing model is based in part on the number of miles driven using its technology, reduced mileage due to seasonality may negatively impact Embark’s top and/or bottom line.

Embark’s partners may incur additional operating expenses or liabilities as a result of potential future requirements to address climate change issues.

As global warming issues become more prevalent, federal, state and local governments, as well as some of Embark’s customers, have made efforts to respond to these issues. This increased focus on sustainability may result in new legislation or regulations and customer requirements that could negatively affect Embark’s partners and ultimately Embark as additional costs may be required to make changes to comply with any new regulations or customer requirements. Legislation or regulations that potentially impose restrictions, caps, taxes, or other controls on emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, a by-product of burning fossil fuels such as those used by semi-trucks, could adversely affect the competitiveness of truck freight relative to other freight transport options. Any increases to the cost structure of Embark’s carrier partners could have a negative impact on the adoption of its technology and ultimately its revenues. More specifically, legislative or regulatory actions relating to climate change could adversely impact Embark by increasing its partners fuel costs and reducing fuel efficiency and could result in the creation of substantial additional capital expenditures and operating costs in the form of taxes, emissions allowances, or required equipment upgrades. Any of these factors could impair Embark’s partners’ operating efficiency and productivity and result in higher operating costs. These additional costs, changes in operations, or loss of revenues could have a material adverse effect on Embark’s business, financial

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condition and results of operations. In addition, Embark may become subject to such climate change regulations itself to the extent market forces require Embark to serve as a shipper using its R&D fleet.

The operations of Embark’s partners are subject to various environmental laws and regulations, the violation of which could result in substantial fines or penalties.

Embark’s partners are subject to various environmental laws and regulations dealing with the handling of hazardous materials, underground fuel storage tanks, and discharge and retention of storm-water. In addition, Embark’s partners operate in industrial areas, where truck terminals and other industrial activities are located, and where groundwater or other forms of environmental contamination could occur and Embark may grow its own facilities in similar areas to the extent market forces call on Embark to grow its R&D semi-truck fleet or to acquire real estate associated with its Transfer Hub Network. The use of Embark’s technology in these environments may involve the risks of fuel spillage or seepage, environmental damage, and hazardous waste disposal, among others. If Embark’s technology is involved in a spill or other accident involving hazardous substances, it could have a materially adverse effect on its reputation and ultimately business and operating results.

Additional Risks Related to Ownership of Common Stock

The price of Embark’s Class A common stock and warrants may be volatile.

The price of Embark’s Class A common stock, as well as its warrants, may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, including:

These market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our Class A common stock and warrants regardless of our operating performance.

Embark does not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future.

Embark currently intends to retain its future earnings, if any, to finance the further development and expansion of its business and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of the

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board of directors and will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, restrictions contained in future agreements and financing instruments, business prospects and such other factors as the board of directors deems relevant.

If analysts do not publish research about Embark’s business or if they publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Class A common stock depends in part on the research and reports that analysts publish about its business. Embark does not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover Embark downgrade our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of its common stock would likely decline. If few analysts cover us, demand for Embark’s Class A common stock could decrease and its common stock price and trading volume may decline. Similar results may occur if one or more of these analysts stop covering us in the future or fail to publish reports on us regularly.

Embark may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our Class A common stock may be volatile and, in the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. Embark has been and may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against Embark could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm its business.

Future resales of common stock may cause the market price of securities to drop significantly even if Embark’s business is doing well.

Pursuant to the Sponsor Support Agreement, the Sponsor and its permitted transferees who agree to be bound by the applicable provisions of the Sponsor Support Agreement, and pursuant to the Bylaws, the holders (initially the Embark Stockholders) of shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock issued as consideration in the Merger are, subject to certain limited exceptions, in each case, contractually restricted from selling or transferring any of such Founder Shares or such shares of common stock issued as consideration in the Merger (the Founder Shares and such shares issued as consideration in the Merger, the “Lock-up Shares”). With respect to the Sponsor and its permitted transferees who agree to be bound by the applicable provisions of the Sponsor Support Agreement, such lock-up ends on the earlier of (A) one year after November 10, 2021 or (B) (x) the date on which the last sales price of the Class A common stock equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20-trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 150 days after November 10, 2021, or (y) the date on which Embark completes a liquidation, merger, capital stock exchange, reorganization or similar transaction that results in Embark stockholders having the right to exchange their shares of Class A common stock for cash, securities or other property.

Following the expiration of such lockup, the parties subject to such lock-up will not be restricted from selling shares of Embark’s Class A or Class B common stock held by them, other than by applicable securities laws. Future transfers by holders of Class B common stock will generally result in those shares converting to Class A common stock subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. As such, sales of a substantial number of shares of Embark’s Class A common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could have the effect of increasing the volatility in Embark’s share price or could reduce the market price of its common stock. Upon the Closing, the Sponsor and the Embark Stockholders collectively owned approximately 91% of Embark’s outstanding common stock which are subject to such lockup.

In addition, as of December 31, 2021 there were warrants to purchase 23,153,266 shares of Embark’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, which warrants became exercisable on December 10, 2021. To the extent such warrants are exercised, additional shares of Embark’s Class A common stock will be issued, which will result in dilution to the holders of its Class A common stock and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market or the fact that such warrants may be exercised could adversely affect the market price of Embark’s Class A common stock.

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THE COMMITTED EQUITY FINANCING

On May 27, 2022, we entered into the Purchase Agreement with Cantor establishing the Facility. Pursuant to and subject to the conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement, beginning on the date of this prospectus (the “Commencement Date”), we have the right from time to time at our option to direct Cantor to purchase up to 30,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock. Sales of our Class A common stock to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, and the timing of any sales, will be determined by us from time to time in our sole discretion and will depend on a variety of factors, including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of our Class A common stock and determinations by us regarding the use of proceeds from any sale of such Class A common stock. The net proceeds from any sales under the Facility will depend on the frequency with, and prices at, which the Class A common stock are sold to Cantor. To the extent we sell shares under the Purchase Agreement, we currently plan to use any proceeds therefrom for working capital and other general corporate purposes. Additionally, we may use a portion of the net proceeds to us for acquisitions of or investments in businesses, technologies, or other assets. We may also use the net proceeds to refinance or to repay outstanding indebtedness or consummate stock repurchases. Pending other uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds to us in investment-grade, interest-bearing securities such as money market funds, certificates of deposit, or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government, or hold as cash. We cannot predict whether the net proceeds invested will yield a favorable return.

In accordance with our obligations under the Purchase Agreement, we have filed the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part in order to register: (i) the 450,000 Upfront Commitment Fee shares that we issued to Cantor as consideration for its execution and delivery of the Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date and (ii) the resale by Cantor of up to 30,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, consisting of shares of Class A common stock that we may elect, in our sole discretion, to issue and sell to Cantor, from time to time from and after the Commencement Date under the Purchase Agreement. Unless earlier terminated, the Purchase Agreement will remain in effect until the earliest to occur of (i) the first (1st) day of the month next following the 36-month anniversary of the effectiveness of the registration statement, (ii) the date on which Cantor has purchased the Total Commitment pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, (iii) the date on which our Class A common stock fails to be listed or quoted on Nasdaq or any alternative market, and (iv) the date on which, pursuant to or within the meaning of any bankruptcy law, we commence a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against us, a custodian is appointed for us or for all or substantially all of our property, or we make a general assignment for the benefit of our creditors (the “Termination Provisions”).

Under applicable Nasdaq rules, in no event may we issue to Cantor more than 19.99% of the total number of our Class A common stock that were outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement, unless we obtain prior shareholder approval (the “Exchange Cap”). In addition, Cantor is not obligated to buy any Class A common stock under the Purchase Agreement if such shares, when aggregated with all other Class A common stock then beneficially owned by Cantor and its affiliates (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder), would result in Cantor beneficially owning Class A common stock in excess of 4.99% of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock (the “Beneficial Ownership Limitation”).

The Purchase Agreement and Cantor Registration Rights Agreement contain customary registration rights, representations, warranties, conditions and indemnification obligations by each party. The representations, warranties and covenants contained in such agreements were made only for purposes of such agreements and as of specific dates, were solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreements and are subject to certain important limitations.

VWAP Purchase of Shares of Class A common stock Under the Purchase Agreement

From and after the Commencement Date, we will have the right, at any time we do not have material non-public information, but not the obligation, from time to time at our sole discretion, until the earliest to occur of the Termination Provisions, to direct Cantor to purchase a number of Shares equal to the applicable VWAP Purchase Share Amount, not to exceed the applicable VWAP Purchase Maximum Amount, at the applicable VWAP Purchase Price therefor on such VWAP Purchase Date in accordance with the Purchase Agreement (each such purchase, a “VWAP Purchase”) by delivering written notice to Cantor (such notice, a “VWAP Purchase Notice”) on any trading day, so long as all Class A common stock subject to all prior VWAP Purchases by Cantor have previously been delivered to Cantor.

The maximum number of Class A common stock that Cantor is required to purchase in any single VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement is equal to the lessor of:

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The per share purchase price for the Class A common stock that we elect to sell to Cantor in a VWAP Purchase pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, will be equal to ninety-seven percent (97.0%) of the VWAP over the applicable period on such VWAP Purchase Date for such VWAP Purchase (such price, the “VWAP Purchase Price”); provided, however, that if we deliver, and Cantor accepts, a VWAP Purchase Notice in respect of more than twenty percent (20.0)% of the volume of the shares of Class A common stock (the “VWAP Purchase Share Percentage”), the VWAP Purchase Price shall instead be calculated using the lower of: (i) the VWAP over the applicable period on such VWAP Purchase Date for such VWAP Purchase; and (ii) the lowest reported price for any trade in excess of 100,000 shares of Class A common stock (a “Block”) sold on such Trading Day following the delivery and acceptance of such VWAP Purchase Notice for a VWAP Purchase Share Request Percentage in excess of the VWAP Purchase Share Percentage. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the price of the Class A common stock falls below a threshold price determined by us (which shall be equal to the greater of (i) ninety percent (90.0%) of the last closing trade price on the Trading Day immediately preceding the VWAP Purchase Date or (ii) such higher price as set forth by the Company in the VWAP Purchase Notice), the VWAP Purchase Price shall be calculated using the VWAP for the Class A common stock during the portion of the applicable trading day during for which the price is not below the threshold price, and, as applicable, using the Block with the lowest price that is not below the threshold price.

We define “VWAP” as, for the Class A common stock for a specified period, the dollar volume-weighted average price for the Class A common stock, as reported by Bloomberg through its “AQR” function. All such determinations shall be appropriately adjusted for any stock dividend, stock split, stock combination, recapitalization or other similar transaction during such period. There is no upper limit on the price per share that Cantor could be obligated to pay for Class A common stock we elect to sell to Cantor in any VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement.

At or prior to 5:30 p.m., New York City time, on the VWAP Purchase Date for each VWAP Purchase, Cantor will provide us with a written confirmation for such VWAP Purchase setting forth the applicable VWAP Purchase Price per share to be paid by Cantor and the total aggregate VWAP Purchase Price to be paid by Cantor for the total number of Class A common stock purchased by Cantor in such VWAP Purchase.

The payment for, against delivery of, Class A common stock purchased by Cantor in a VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement is required to be fully settled by 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the second (2nd) trading day following the applicable date of such VWAP Purchase Date, or, if any shares of Class A common stock are received by Cantor after 1:00 p.m., New York City time on the third (3rd) trading day following the trading day on which Cantor received all of the shares of Class A common stock for the VWAP Purchase, but not later than 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on such next trading day,as set forth in the Purchase Agreement.

Conditions Precedent to Commencement and Each VWAP Purchase

Our right to commence delivering VWAP Purchase Notices under the Purchase Agreement and Cantor’s obligation to accept VWAP Purchase Notices that are timely delivered by us under the Purchase Agreement and to purchase shares of our Class A common stock in VWAP Purchases under the Purchase Agreement, are subject to the initial satisfaction, at the Commencement Date, of the conditions precedent thereto set forth in the Purchase Agreement, which conditions include, among others, the following:

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Termination of the Purchase Agreement

Unless earlier terminated as provided in the Purchase Agreement, the Purchase Agreement will terminate automatically on the earliest to occur of:

We have the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time after Commencement, at no cost or penalty, upon three (3) trading days’ prior written notice to Cantor. We and Cantor may also terminate the Purchase Agreement at any time by mutual written consent. Cantor also has the right to terminate the Purchase Agreement upon three (3) trading days’ prior written notice to us, but only upon the occurrence of certain customary events as listed in the Purchase Agreement. No termination of the Purchase Agreement by us or by Cantor will become effective prior to the second trading day immediately following the date on which any pending (or not fully settled) VWAP Purchase has been fully settled in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Purchase Agreement, and will not affect any of our respective rights and obligations under the Purchase Agreement with respect to any pending (or not fully settled) VWAP Purchase, and both we and Cantor have agreed to complete our respective obligations with respect to any such pending (or not fully settled) VWAP Purchase under the Purchase Agreement. Furthermore, no termination of the Purchase Agreement will affect the Upfront Commitment fee payment or our or Cantor's respective rights or obligations under the Cantor Registration Rights Agreement, which will survive any termination of the Purchase Agreement.

No Short-Selling or Hedging by Cantor

Cantor has agreed that neither it nor any entity managed or controlled by it, will engage in or effect, directly or indirectly, for its own principal account or for the principal account, any (i) “short sale” (as such term is defined in Rule 200 of Regulation SHO of the Exchange Act) of the Class A common stock or (ii) hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to the Class A common stock, during the term of the Purchase Agreement.

Effect of Sales of Our Class A common stock under the Purchase Agreement on Our Shareholders

The Class A common stock being registered for resale in this offering may be issued and sold by us to Cantor from time to time at our discretion over a period until the earliest to occur of the Termination Provisions. The resale by Cantor of a significant quantity of shares registered for resale in this offering at any given time, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price

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of our Class A common stock to decline and to be highly volatile. Sales of our Class A common stock, if any, to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement will be determined by us in our sole discretion and will depend upon market conditions and other factors. We may ultimately decide to sell to Cantor all, some or none of the Class A common stock that may be available for us to sell to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. If we elect to sell Class A common stock to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Cantor has acquired such shares, Cantor may resell all, some or none of such Class A common stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices. As a result, investors who purchase Class A common stock from Cantor in this offering at different times will likely pay different prices for those Class A common stock, and so may experience different levels of dilution and in some cases substantial dilution and different outcomes in their investment results. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to the Committed Equity Financing – Investors who buy Class A common stock from the Shareholder at different times will likely pay different prices.”

Investors may experience a decline in the value of the Class A common stock they purchase from Cantor in this offering as a result of future sales made by us to Cantor at prices lower than the prices such investors paid for their shares in this offering. In addition, if we sell a substantial number of Class A common stock to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, or if investors expect that we will do so, the actual sales of Class A common stock or the mere existence of our arrangement with Cantor may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect such sales.

Because the purchase price per share to be paid by Cantor for the Class A common stock that we may elect to sell to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, if any, will fluctuate based on the market prices of our Class A common stock during the applicable period for each VWAP Purchase made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, if any, as of the date of this prospectus it is not possible for us to predict the number of Class A common stock that we will sell to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement, the actual purchase price per share to be paid by Cantor for those Class A common stock, or the actual gross proceeds to be raised by us from those sales, if any. As of May 20, 2022, there were 367,870,430 shares of Class A common stock outstanding. Assuming a price per Class A common stock of $1.50, the closing price of our common stock on May 27, 2022, we may receive up to $43.7 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the Shareholder under the Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of our Class A common stock to the Stockholder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds may be less than this amount depending on the number of share of our Class A common stock sold and the price at which the shares of Class A common stock are sold.

If all of the 30,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock offered for resale by Cantor under this prospectus were issued and outstanding as of May 20, 2022, such Class A common stock would represent approximately 7.5% of the total number of our Class A common stock outstanding.

The number of shares of Class A common stock ultimately offered for sale by Cantor for resale under this prospectus is dependent upon the number of shares of Class A common stock, if any, we ultimately sell to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement. Further, if and when we elect to sell shares of Class A common stock to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, after Cantor has acquired such shares, Cantor may resell all, some or none of such shares of Class A common stock at any time or from time to time in its discretion and at different prices.

The issuance of our shares of Class A common stock to Cantor pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will not affect the rights or privileges of our existing shareholders, except that the economic and voting interests of each of our existing shareholders will be diluted. Although the number of shares of Class A common stock that our existing shareholders own will not decrease, the shares of Class A common stock owned by our existing shareholders will represent a smaller percentage of our total outstanding shares of Class A common stock after any such issuance.

The following table sets forth information at varying purchase prices assuming we sell all 30,000,000 shares of Class A common stock to Cantor under the Purchase Agreement:

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USE OF PROCEEDS

All of the shares of Class A common stock offered by the Shareholder will be solely for the Shareholder’s account. Embark will not receive any of the proceeds from these sales. Assuming a price per share of Class A common stock of $1.50, the closing price of our common stock on May 27, 2022, we may receive up to $43.7 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the Shareholder under the Purchase Agreement in connection with sales of our Class A common stock to the Stockholder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement after the date of this prospectus. However, the actual proceeds may be less than this amount depending on the number of share of our Class A common stock sold and the price at which the shares of Class A common stock are sold.

We intend to use any proceeds from the Facility for working capital and other general corporate purposes. Additionally, we may use a portion of the net proceeds to us for acquisitions of or investments in businesses, technologies, or other assets. We may also use the net proceeds to refinance or to repay outstanding indebtedness or consummate stock repurchases. Pending other uses, we intend to invest the net proceeds to us in investment-grade, interest-bearing securities such as money market funds, certificates of deposit, or direct or guaranteed obligations of the U.S. government, or hold as cash. We cannot predict whether the net proceeds invested will yield a favorable return. We will have broad discretion in the way we use these proceeds. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the Committed Equity Financing — We may use proceeds from sales of our Class A common stock made pursuant to the Purchase Agreement in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant return.”

The Shareholder will pay any underwriting fees, discounts, selling commissions, stock transfer taxes and certain legal expenses incurred by the Shareholder in disposing of its shares of Class A common stock, and Embark will bear all other costs, fees and expenses incurred in effecting the registration of such securities covered by this prospectus, including, without limitation, all registration and filing fees, Nasdaq listing fees and fees and expenses of its counsel and our independent registered public accountants.

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DETERMINATION OF OFFERING PRICE

We cannot currently determine the price or prices at which shares of Class A common stock may be sold by the Shareholder under this prospectus.

MARKET PRICE OF OUR COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND INFORMATION

Market Price of Embark’s Class A Common Stock

Trading of Embark’s Class A common stock began on Nasdaq on November 11, 2021, under the ticker symbol “EMBK” for Class A common stock. On May 27, 2022, the closing sale price of Embark’s Class A common stock was $1.50 per share.

Dividend Policy

Embark has not paid any cash dividends on its common stock to date and prior to the Business Combination, NGA had not paid any dividends on its ordinary shares. The payment of cash dividends in the future will be dependent upon Embark’s revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition. The payment of any cash dividends will be within the discretion of Embark’s board of directors. Embark’s ability to declare dividends may be limited by the terms of financing or other agreements entered into by it or its subsidiaries from time to time.

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BUSINESS

Overview of Embark

Embark develops technologically advanced autonomous driving software for the truck freight industry and offers a carefully constructed business model that is expected to provide the industry with the most attractive path to adopting autonomous driving. Specifically, Embark has developed a SaaS platform designed to interoperate with a broad range of truck OEM platforms, forgoing complicated and logistically challenging truck building or hardware manufacturing operations in favor of focusing on a superior driving technology. At scale, domestic shippers and carriers will be able to access Embark technology via a subscription software license selected as an option at the time they specify the build of new semi-trucks.

Headquartered in San Francisco, California, Embark’s history as the industry’s longest running autonomous truck driving program is replete with technological firsts that include, but are not limited to:

Embark’s founding team includes roboticists and its broader team includes numerous computer scientists, many with advanced degrees and experience at other leading robotics and autonomous vehicle companies and academic programs.

Embark has also spent considerable time and effort developing its business model. Embark is initially deploying its leading-edge technology in a very focused manner, by targeting freight highway miles between transfer points located next to metropolitan areas in the lower “Sunbelt” region of the U.S. and leaving the “last mile” of driving to and from the transfer points to the industry’s highly skilled human drivers. Embark’s strategy is distinct from other industry players seeking to provide more complicated “end to end” autonomous driving solution that would entirely displace human drivers and potentially place these companies in competition with the industry’s carriers.

Embark’s business model focus does not come at any significant commercial expense for Embark’s stockholders because the serviceable market Embark is targeting is significant. Embark currently targets the rapidly growing $730 billion U.S. truck freight market, and builds technology to target 236 billion serviceable miles within this market. The industry has faced significant pressures from the growth of e-commerce and the well-documented shortage of skilled drivers, and therefore has powerful incentives to adopt autonomous driving solutions to both improve capacity and reduce costs. In addition, Embark’s cooperative model has already had traction with many of the industry’s leading shippers and carriers.

Embark believes the freight truck market is poised for a dramatic sea change that will result in an industry that is more profitable, less polluting and provides a more humane lifestyle for its skilled drivers thanks to autonomous driving technology.

Embark Can Address Many Challenges Faced by The Truck Freight Industry

Embark believes its offerings are well timed and will be attractive to a truck freight market that is under significant cost and capacity pressures including:

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Embark’s Solutions to the Industry’s Challenges

Embark’s History

Founded in 2016, Embark is the longest-running self-driving truck program in the world. Since inception, Embark’s mission has been to make roads safer and freight more reliable and Embark has already achieved a number of key milestones, positioning it for success within the autonomous trucking market:

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In the pilot, local loads will be hauled to and from Embark’s highway-adjacent transfer points using electric trucks operated by human drivers, while the longer middle segment of the haul is completed autonomously by trucks equipped with Embark’s Driver software. Embark and HP intend to evaluate the fuel efficiency improvements and emissions reductions that may be realized from the adoption of long-haul autonomous trucks and EV drayage;

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Our People and Values

Embark’s employees and its culture have been key to its success and will continue to be the driving force of its expected success going forward. Embark views its culture and values as major differentiators for its business outcomes and for its continued ability to attract world-class technologists, as well as corporate operations staff.

Embark’s path to a more safe, efficient, and rewarding trucking industry is rooted in its core values:

As of March 31, 2022, Embark had 303 employees and eight contractors. Prior to joining Embark, many of its employees had prior experience working for a wide variety of reputed technology organizations.

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Embark’s employees are at the center of its operating model and Embark has invested in building a strong relationship with its team. Embark continually strive to maintain a culture that promotes productivity, learning, development and positivity. Throughout its interview processes and as employees onboard, Embark stresses the importance for each employee to be entrepreneurial in shaping a positive culture at Embark and to make a conscious effort to create an environment of inclusion and belonging. Embark’s expectation is that its employees bring a positive presence to the team every day, and Embark has been successful in finding and building a team that believes in this vision.

Embark’s Business Model and Go-To-Market Strategy

Embark’s business model offers meaningful operational savings to carriers and shippers — collaborating rather than competing with carriers. To date, while not generating any revenue, Embark has completed hundreds of hauls with many major companies and has leveraged that experience into designing its business model and commercialization plans. Embark intends to make its technology available as a SaaS subscription on an OEM platform-agnostic basis, meaning that carriers will be able to subscribe to the Embark software for any new vehicles from any truck brand in their fleets. Embark believes this model will deliver compelling benefits across the entire trucking ecosystem by:

SaaS Focus

Embark partners with carriers and private fleets, who will pay a per-mile license fee for Embark’s software, which varies based on distance. In return, carriers and private fleets realize significant per-mile savings offered by the Embark Driver. This software focus is expected to allow Embark to scale rapidly by leveraging significant investments by carriers in trucks. Carrier investment significantly outpaces the resources of any single AV trucking player and Embark estimates that the top 100 carriers spend over $16.8 billion on new trucks annually based on an assumed 25% annual fleet turnover and an average truck price of $150,000.

In addition, by partnering with carriers as a software provider rather than competing with them by running its own freight network, Embark is able to leverage the expertise of its carrier partners while focusing on developing and maintaining state-of-the-art software. Furthermore, Embark expects to benefit from compelling SaaS economics including high margins, recurring revenues and economies of scale due to the increased demand for truck freight.

Embark may also seek revenue via ancillary channels, such as specialized hardware, maintenance and other services required as necessary to support its SaaS license model. Embark’s commercial model does not rely on revenue generated from OEMs and Embark has not entered into any agreement with an OEM to date that would provide for a revenue share for vehicles sold with Embark’s technology.

Platform Agnostic Technology

Through EUI, Embark is able to address the reality that most major carriers run mixed fleets. Embark estimates that nearly 90% of the top 25 carriers run fleets with trucks provided by at least two OEMs and 50% run fleets with trucks provided by at least three

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OEMs. Ultimately, OEMs source components from multiple suppliers and carriers make final selections with regard to truck specifications as illustrated below:

Embark has engaged with all four major U.S. OEMs for many years, monitoring each manufacturer’s progress toward the development of proprietary “drive-by-wire” platforms that permit trucks to be controlled using electronic — rather than mechanical — control components. Drive-by-wire is an important advancement that facilitates the adoption of software-controlled semi-trucks. In connection with these OEM efforts, Embark has developed the EUI with flexible interfaces that are easily configured to integrate with each OEMs drive-by-wire platform. Embark expects that OEMs will ship their first trucks with redundant drive-by-wire platforms in the near future and is in close contact with OEMs as they select and source relevant sensor and compute options to be made available to carriers when they purchase new trucks. As with other components, Embark expects OEMs to move toward offering multiple AV options to carriers and has designed the EUI to address this eventual development.

Phased Rollout of Multiple Onboarding Methods

Embark expects to deploy its technology in two phases: (1) Phase 1 targeting the Sunbelt states, which see approximately 90 billion semi-truck miles annually, which is estimated based on the Freight Analysis Framework produced through a partnership between the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the Federal Highway Administration and (2) Phase 2 targeting all of the lower 48 states, which see approximately 300 billion semi-truck miles annually. Embark’s coverage map includes the full set of locations to which Embark Driver equipped trucks are able to travel. Embark is adding two types of locations to its coverage map, enabling two route models:

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With the transfer point model, Embark is able to focus on highway operations — the middle-mile — while Embark’s carrier partners conduct the first and last-mile portions with human drivers. These points will be located at existing facilities (e.g., truck stops) to provide a Day 1 drop-in solution for customers. Embark pioneered the transfer point model in 2017, partnering with Frigidaire and Ryder to deliver shipments. Since 2017, Embark has refined operations and now conducts multiple weekly shipments between Los Angeles and Phoenix on its research and development (“R&D”) truck fleet, demonstrating proof of concept and paving the way for commercialization and revenue generating operations in the future. However, Embark has not earned any revenue to date, and has incurred net losses of $21.5 million and $124.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2021, respectively.

In conjunction with transfer points, Embark will offer direct-to-customer freight lanes for customers who already move a significant amount of freight on Embark’s network. In addition, PDP partners will work with Embark to refine and scale Embark’s software and support services. Embark has conducted network assessments for twelve major carriers and Fortune 500 shippers spanning the retail, consumer packaged goods and automotive verticals who are committed to making self-driving freight operations a reality.

Offering two route methods addresses the economic reality of truck freight. Last mile transfers are projected to be economical for carriers shipping on lanes over 300 miles, whereas direct-to-customer transfers are expected to be economical for lanes in excess of 100 miles. By offering multiple route models, Embark is able to expand potential coverage for shippers and carriers and meet each of their specific needs.

Embark’s Technology

Embark’s technology solutions are designed to support the seamless integration of autonomous trucks into existing carrier fleets with the goal of alleviating the driver shortage, improving competitiveness for shippers, and improving unit economics for ecosystem participants. Its technology stack consists of three critical components including the Embark Driver, the EUI, and the Embark Guardian. Together, these products make for a comprehensive, performant, and reliable freight solution, from sourcing, to driving, and support. Embark aims to showcase a L4 driverless solution in 2023 followed by plans to scale commercial operations throughout the Southwestern U.S. in 2024.

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Products

Embark’s technology ecosystem is grounded in three key components: Embark Driver, EUI and Guardian.

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Features

In addition to its core technology components, Embark has developed proprietary technical features that support the Embark Driver. These include:

Embark’s Partners and Ecosystem

Embark operates in an ecosystem consisting of shippers, carriers, OEMs, component part suppliers, and truck stop operators. Embark believes that its solutions provide meaningful benefits to all existing ecosystem players. Embark’s PDP prepares carriers to own and operate Embark autonomous trucks. In October 2021, Embark announced that carriers participating in Embark’s PDP have placed a combined 14, 200 reservations for Embark-equipped autonomous trucks.

Carriers

Through its PDP, Embark has partnered with carriers to develop its offering and demonstrate proof of concept. To date, Embark has entered into non-binding agreements with over a half-dozen carriers and shippers to prepare for deployment and scaling of Embark Driver. Embark has already worked with these partners to analyze their transportation networks at a lane level and develop tactical plans for transitioning existing freight volume from manually driven trucks to Embark autonomous trucks operated by partner carriers. Through these relationships, Embark is able to leverage the decades-long truck freight expertise of its carrier partners in optimizing its autonomous vehicle technology and business model. We believe the commitment in time and resources from some of the nation’s largest carriers demonstrates the potential value these partners see in adopting Embark Driver.

Embark estimates that these existing partners operate approximately 39,000 trucks and purchase approximately 9,000 trucks annually. Embark believes that its current carriers reflect a tiny fraction of the overall demand for its technology.

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Shippers

In addition to partnering with carriers, Embark has fostered relationships with shippers across industry verticals such as retail, e-commerce, CPG and automotive, in order to seek to ensure an Embark Driver that works across industry verticals. These shippers form the transportation demand that carriers fulfill. Embark’s autonomous vehicle technology provides meaningful benefits to shippers such as a reduction in CO2 emissions, an increase in speed and an improvement in safety. By engaging with shippers and carriers, Embark expects to facilitate the development of commercial scale for its technology.

OEMs

Embark’s relationships with OEMs have allowed it to develop the EUI. Each of the four major truck OEMs for the U.S. market are in the process of developing drive-by-wire platforms. Based on its relationships with each OEM, Embark anticipates that the EUI will be available for specification by carrier purchasers, similar to how OEMs provide optionality with respect to engine, brake and telematics solutions.

Real Estate Partners

Embark is working closely with a number of real estate partners such as truck stop operators and industrial real estate investment trusts to create a nationwide network of transfer hubs to support carriers who will operate the Embark Driver. By leveraging the existing real estate footprint of freight ecosystem partners, which is already aligned to trucking industry needs, Embark is able to significantly decrease the time, energy and cost required to build out this transfer point network. In addition to serving the core transfer point function, Embark is also working with its real estate partners to make important ancillary services such as fuel, maintenance and dispatch support available to carriers who will operate the Embark Driver.

The Traditional Truck Freight Industry²

Overview of the Freight Market. The American Trucking Association estimates that the U.S. truck freight market represents approximately $730 billion of value annually. This value is underpinned by an estimated 300 billion total miles driven in 2020 based on data from the Freight Analysis Framework of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and the Federal Highway Administration. Routes can vary significantly in both distance and total tonnage per year. Embark estimates that of the 300 billion freight truck miles driven in the U.S. in 2020, over 200 billion miles are economically appealing for automation. Beyond 2020, the USDOT estimates that U.S. truck freight miles have a long-term growth potential of 1.6% per year, based on the average expected growth from 2015 – 2040.

Key Constituents in the Truck Freight Market. The Class 8 truck industry is composed of component parts (tier 1) suppliers, OEMs, carriers, shippers and truck stops/depots. The OEMs manufacture Class 8 trucks and integrate component parts from tier 1 suppliers. Tier 1 suppliers manufacture a variety of traditional Class 8 truck components for OEMs, including hardware and sensors. Carriers acquire fleets of Class 8 trucks which they deploy to move the freight cargo of shippers, who hire carriers to move their freight cargo. Furthermore, Embark believes truck stops and depots can be an important aspect of the autonomous trucking market as they create an expansive transfer point network of highway-adjacent parking for driverless trucks to transfer trailers to human drivers for pick-up and delivery.

Dynamics In Producing Class 8 Commercial Trucks. A Class 8 commercial truck, or “semi-truck”, is composed of a tractor unit towing one or more trailers. Standard 53 foot trailers lack a power mechanism and must be attached to a tractor unit in order to be moved. The EPA classifies Heavy Duty Class 8 trucks as semi-trucks weighing in excess of 33,000 pounds. The maximum allowable road weight for fully loaded semi-trucks is 80,000 pounds in the U.S. The total cost of a semi-truck typically ranges from $100,000 to $200,000. Trailers are produced in various types and sizes, serving different purposes. The most common trailer in the U.S. is the 53 foot dry van trailer, with other varieties including intermodal and refrigerated or “reefer” trailers.

The market dynamics of Class 8 trucks differ significantly from those in the passenger car industry. When building a Class 8 truck, OEMs multi-source parts from several suppliers to provide a menu of potential options to carriers. On the basis of the OEM’s specific menu of options, carriers specify for the OEM what components to include in the Class 8 truck, often selecting several components from different suppliers. Consequently, the carriers are the ultimate decision makers within the Class 8 truck industry with respect to vehicle design and component inclusion. This differs from the passenger car market where the majority of these decisions are made by the OEM.

Characteristics of Existing Carrier Fleets. In addition to multi-sourcing at the component level, carriers within the Class 8 truck industry generally multi-source from several OEMs, with nearly 90% of the top 25 carriers running fleets with Class 8 trucks

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from two OEMs and approximately 50% running fleets comprised of trucks from three or more OEMs. Embark believes that carriers will opt to continue operating mixed fleets in the future, benefiting market participants that are OEM agnostic.

Trucking’s Role in the Freight Market. According to the American Trucking Association, trucking represents approximately 80% of the U.S. freight market primarily due to its distinct blend of flexibility, cost, and speed relative to alternative transportation modes. Rail (9% of the U.S. freight market) is generally lower cost than truck freight on a per mile basis, but lacks the operational speed and flexibility to reach the breadth of delivery locations that semi-trucks are able to serve, adding time to the overall delivery process. This dynamic makes rail generally less suitable for same and next day shipping and renders it incapable of first and last mile delivery. Air freight (3% of the U.S. freight market) is attractive for specific use cases such as same and next day shipping due to its superior speed, but its significantly higher cost and larger carbon footprint makes it unattractive in many circumstances. Embark believes that the steady growth of the market and tailwinds from industry trends such as same and next day shipping will drive a further shift in demand for truck freight over rail and air.

“Middle Mile” Truck Freight. A large component of the $730 billion U.S. truck freight market is “middle mile” (long haul). Long haul trucking generally occurs over long stretches of interstate highways. These routes tend to be relatively concentrated along a handful of well-defined commercial corridors which span the U.S. with just 10% of the nation’s trade corridors accounting for nearly 80% of all transported goods.

Truck Freight Industry Characteristics. While trucking is the most frequently utilized mode of freight transportation, the industry is currently characterized by low levels of technological differentiation between carriers, minimal barriers to entry, and high levels of price competition. As a result, the market tends to be characterized by operating margins for incumbent carriers that are typically below 10%.

Truck Freight Industry is Highly Fragmented. The Class 8 truck market is highly fragmented with respect to carriers. The top 100 carriers in the U.S. represent only 13% of that market, based on data provided by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Transport Topics as well as an assumption of 89,358 annual miles per truck. As a result, consolidation within the industry is anticipated and could be accelerated by alleviating the driver shortage with autonomous trucking solutions.

The Current Economic Model of Truck Freight. The cost of labor has rapidly increased as a percentage of the per mile truck freight cost structure. According to the American Transportation Research Institute, labor costs now represent 44% of total per mile semi-truck operating costs. Labor costs are the largest component of the per mile cost structure and are 106% greater than fuel costs, which represent the second largest per mile cost. These labor costs are not inclusive of costly driver training and retention expenses, which only further increase truck freight costs.

Semi-truck Driver Shortages. The truck freight industry is currently experiencing severe driver shortages. The American Trucking Association reported a shortage of 80,000 truck drivers in 2021, which is expected to rise to 160,000 drivers by in 2030. Furthermore, the demographics of the industry are exacerbating the problem as only 21% of drivers are 20-34 years old (as compared to 40% in 1994) and the average age of drivers has risen to 55 years old. The lack of youth within the existing workforce should only cause the driver shortage to expand over time. Lastly, the challenging lifestyle of the industry has caused annual driver turnover to increase to approximately 90% according to the American Trucking Association. As a result, autonomous trucking solutions have become paramount to the health and sustained success of the trucking industry.

Autonomous Trucking Background & Benefits

Autonomous Trucking is a Significant and Present Commercial Opportunity. As demonstrated by Embark’s own rapid technology development, autonomous driving technology has progressed rapidly from early challenges sponsored by the US Government less than twenty years ago. Technology that struggled to travel a few miles in an open desert environment is now capable of driving massive semi-trucks hundreds of miles on busy highways. This technology development comes with the promise of significant safety benefits, as above 90% of crashes had driver error as a critical reason.

The Embark technology has been built from the ground up with the unique challenges of autonomous trucks — as opposed to autonomous passenger vehicles — in mind. Heavy commercial trucks have very different physical characteristics and performance characteristics from passenger vehicles, and therefore present a very different set of technical challenges for self-driving. For example, a standard Class 8 semi-truck with a fully loaded trailer has limited rear visibility and can weigh up to 80,000 pounds, which is significantly heavier than the average passenger vehicle. In addition, semi-trucks accelerate differently from passenger vehicles and typically operate at highway cruising speeds of 60 miles per hour for a larger proportion of their driving time than many passenger vehicles. As a result, the technical challenges for deploying autonomous driving software include developing a longer planning

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horizon, more comprehensive sensing technology, better predictive artificial intelligence capabilities and the ability to account for other conditions such as the impact of wind on trailers, navigating work zones and on-ramp merging.

Despite these technical challenges, Embark believes the long haul operating environment and ability to map established truck freight corridors significantly limit the number of potential “edge cases” relative to the surface street driving environment populated by passenger vehicles. Furthermore, semi-trucks are typically deployed for long-haul freight hauling and therefore may have more flexibility to stop when presented with circumstances that the autonomous driving software may not be equipped to handle as compared to passenger vehicles. Due to these constraints, Embark believes that its autonomous trucking technology can be commercialized at scale in the next few years.

Regulatory Environment for Autonomous Trucking. The USDOT and the National Science & Technology Council stated their view in their January 2020 AV 4.0 guidance that autonomous vehicle technology has the promise to transform the future of transportation, while also increasing American economic growth and overall productivity through AV implementation. In furtherance of these national goals, the current regulatory environment is favorable for autonomous trucking.

The USDOT’s Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (“FMCSA”) regulates commercial vehicle operation through Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations (“FMCSRs”). There is currently no federal law that expressly requires a human driver to be present in a L3-L5 autonomous truck. Furthermore, the Secretary of Transportation retains pre-emptive authority over state laws and regulation pertaining to commercial vehicle safety if such state laws are either less stringent than federal requirements, or more stringent and either have no safety benefit, are incompatible with federal regulation, or cause an unreasonable burden on interstate commerce per 49 U.S. Code § 31141.

In the 2018 policy guidance document “Preparing for the Future of Transportation: Automated Vehicles 3.0,” FMCSA concluded that nothing in existing FMCSRs prohibits the operation of L3-L5 commercial vehicles engaged in interstate commerce, and stated its position that such vehicles may operate without a human occupant as consistent with FMCSRs. Furthermore, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has not promulgated any Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards prohibiting the operation of L3-L5 automated vehicles. Therefore, Embark’s L4 technology is permissible under existing federal regulations.

At the state level, 42 states allow for the operation of L3-L5 commercial vehicles. Of these 42 states, 16 have enacted legislation that expressly allows the use of autonomous driving without a human driver present, including commercial L4 autonomous trucking. Additionally, the remaining 26 do not expressly prohibit commercial L4 autonomous trucking and most of these states are actively developing legislation through, for example, testing programs or task forces studying the issue. Furthermore, none of these 42 states have any express legal requirements that a human driver must be present in a L3-L5 autonomous truck. Of the remaining 8 states, 6 potentially provide a path for AV adoption subject to specific testing requirements: four states are silent on commercialization of L3-L5 AVs and have no express legal requirements that a human driver must be present in a L3-L5 autonomous truck, but have defined testing programs and requirements that could suggest a company would need to go through a testing process in that state before gaining state support for commercialization and two states have L3-L5 testing programs that exempt AVs from specific state laws that would otherwise prohibit their operation, for example requiring a driver to maintain at least one hand on the steering wheel.

Finally, two states prohibit commercial operation of L3-L5 autonomous trucks today without changes in legislation or regulation. Notably, the existing laws in these two final states that prohibit operation could be preempted by the U.S. Secretary of Transportation if they were determined to meet the criteria in 49 U.S. Code § 31141(c)(4) or were otherwise deemed to be unenforceable by the Secretary of Transportation.

Local governments generally have no role in regulating interstate commercial vehicle equipment or operation. Embark is currently not aware of any local transportation law that would require there to be a driver present in a L3-L5 autonomous truck.

In light of the absence of express prohibitions on commercial L4 autonomous trucking across most of the states, the favorable federal regulatory environment and the potential for preemption of stringent state regulations or restrictions of AV technology in conflict with the federal mandate, Embark believes its revenue forecasts are consistent with the current state of regulation.

Legislation may change in 42 states referenced above and laws that expressly permit commercial L4 autonomous trucking may be slower to develop in the states without such laws than anticipated. However, Embark believes that the absence of express prohibitions on commercial L4 autonomous trucking across most of the states, the favorable federal regulatory environment and the potential for preemption of stringent state regulations or restrictions of AV technology in conflict with the federal mandate, means that its revenue forecasts are consistent with the current state of regulation.

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The USDOT’s AV 3.0 guidance (2018) and AV Comprehensive Plan (2021) further supported the operation of autonomous trucks under existing regulations and clarified that human-specific regulations such as hours of service limits would not apply to autonomous truck operations without a human driver. Additionally, AV 3.0 noted USDOT’s ability to preempt certain state or local requirements of autonomous vehicles engaged in interstate commerce to the extent necessary to support a cohesive 50 state AV operations framework. As such, Embark believes that there is a clear path to autonomous trucking within the U.S. in the near term.

Safety and Efficiency Benefits. Rapidly growing freight volumes driven by e-commerce and other trends will require carriers to increase the number of miles driven by their fleets and provide shorter timeframes for delivery to accommodate consumer preferences for next- and same-day deliveries. Trucking’s current solution to such shipping challenges, which may call for 24 hours of continuous driving, is often to employ “sleeper teams” of two drivers that alternate driving shifts as semi-truck drivers are legally limited to 11 hour shifts. Additionally, the supply of drivers cannot easily scale to meet this demand due to a well-chronicled, chronic and worsening driver shortage. Embark expects its autonomous semi-trucks to be able to operate in excess of 22 hours per day at scale as they should not be subject to the same maximum daily operating hours restrictions as an individual human driver. As a result, carriers will be able to enhance the utilization of their existing truck fleets, vastly increasing available freight capacity. In addition, autonomous technology can reduce fuel consumption and maintenance expenses per mile through stricter adherence to speed limits and more predictable driving behavior. Embark expects its technology to reduce insurance costs for its carrier partners once it demonstrates the safety benefits of its technology.

More importantly, Embark believes the adoption of its technology can greatly reduce the number of accidents that occur in human driving due to distracted or impaired driving, regimenting safer driving practices and more predictable operations. In sum, Embark believes that long haul truck freight routes are ideally suited for its autonomous driving technology, as truck freight operations along specific routes, particularly in the middle mile, allows L4 autonomy to reliably fulfill the requirements of the industry while substantially improving the safety of the largest and heaviest vehicles on the country’s busy highways.

Embark’s Solution Is Positioned to Be Adopted Across the Industry. Embark believes its solution is well positioned for adoption because it can solve existing challenges and promote the business of players across the ecosystem:

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Embark’s Competitive Strengths

Embark believes that the following strengths position it to capture growth in the autonomous trucking market and become a partner of choice for OEMs, carriers and shippers:

Asset-Light SaaS Model is Durable and Scalable Across Large Addressable Market

Embark has designed an asset-light SaaS business model — licensing its software for a per-mile fee to carriers and shippers. Outside of an R&D fleet, Embark does not intend to own or operate trucks, removing a significant potential capital expenditure. This allows Embark to focus on software development and allows its carrier and shipper partners to focus on what they do best — maintaining and operating trucks and freight networks. Once a carrier or shipper specifies the EUI on a truck purchased from a preferred OEM, Embark will directly license the Embark Driver and provide ongoing support through Embark Guardian, thus driving durable relationships. Embark believes this model also provides Embark with predictable recurring revenues.

Through the PDP, Embark has developed its offering alongside carriers and shippers, establishing itself as a trusted technology partner. Embark has entered into non-binding agreements with a number of key carriers and estimates that its existing partners operate approximately 39,000 trucks and purchase approximately 9,000 trucks annually.

By partnering with carriers and shippers rather than competing with them, Embark is able to deploy its technology across existing truck freight networks and diverse groups of carriers. Leveraging existing freight networks will allow Embark to achieve scale more quickly across its addressable market. Similarly, through its partnerships with truck stop operators, Embark has the opportunity to capitalize on existing real estate portfolios to allow for rapid expansion of its coverage network.

The market for truck freight is large and growing. Embark estimates that the total addressable market for autonomous trucking is approximately 300 billion miles annually in the U.S. Of these miles, Embark estimates that approximately 236 billion miles would currently support Embark-enabled trucks.

Industry Leading Autonomous Trucking Technology. As the longest-running self-driving truck company, Embark is driving the transition to L4 autonomous trucking and pioneers an asset light partnership model focused on technology and SaaS. Embark believes its technology and business model has outpaced its competitors in establishing commercial viability:

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In addition, through its partnerships with shippers, carriers and OEMs, Embark has demonstrated broad industry acceptance of its technology and solutions.

Collaborative Business Model That Will Promote Regulatory and Industry Acceptance

Embark’s track record of industry collaboration: By working with Tier 1s, OEMs, carriers and shippers, Embark has developed a deep understanding of the existing freight ecosystem. It is this knowledge that drove Embark’s decision to work with, instead of compete against, existing freight players. In this collaborative model, Embark defers to OEMs for the manufacture and sale of the trucks themselves, carriers purchasing and operating the trucks and shippers buying capacity in a manner similar to today. This configuration leverages the logistical expertise of the carrier, allows the technology to scale more quickly through existing OEM-carrier-shipper relationships and enables Embark to focus on delivering a safe and reliable autonomous truck. By working within the current value chain structure, Embark leverages the public and regulator trust that OEMs, carriers and shippers have earned over decades of freight operations. Additionally, by creating value for existing players, and eliminating concerns of disintermediation, Embark is able to create powerful industry allies who advocate for their success with other ecosystem players.

Embark’s track record of regulatory collaboration: In 2018, Embark presented a novel approach to the USDOT and FMCSA on how they could allow for autonomous truck operations under existing rules. This approach avoided the need for a multi-year rulemaking, while providing FMCSA with clear authority to continue ensuring public safety. Embark’s approach was broadly adopted in “Automated Vehicles 3.0” (“AV 3.0”), a USDOT guidance document issued in October 2018, and has since been reiterated in AV 4.0 (2019) and the USDOT AV Comprehensive Plan (2021). AV 3.0 represented the first time USDOT acknowledged that autonomous truck operation without a human driver is allowable, and that human-specific regulations would not apply.

Embark continues to be deeply engaged with government stakeholders in state legislatures, state departments of transportation, and state police. In 2021, Embark signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Arizona Department of Transportation to share information and best practices related to autonomous truck navigation of highway work zones. In addition, Embark has engaged in discussions with state regulators around the country on truck inspection procedures and has actively contributed to the passage of state legislation.

Embark also leads key industry public advocacy groups, including service as Co-Chair of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce AV Working Group, Co-Chair of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group AV Working Group, and is the first and only autonomous truck developer elevated to the Board of Directors of the Autonomous Vehicle Industry Association (formerly known as Self-Driving Coalition), joining companies like Ford and Volvo Cars on the Board. Embark is also the longest-service autonomous trucking member of the American Trucking Associations and the Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance.

Commitment to Environmental, Social and Governance Leadership

At Embark, Embark believes that leadership in environment, social and governance (“ESG”) issues is central to its mission to bring the first commercially-viable driverless truck to public roads. Embark has taken steps to address the environmental and social risks and opportunities of its operations and products. As Embark’s ESG efforts progress, it plans to report how it oversees and manage ESG factors, evaluating its ESG objectives by using industry-specific frameworks such as the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (“SASB”) and elements of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (“UN SDGs”). Embark’s ESG initiatives are organized into three pillars, which, contain focus areas for its attention and action:

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All of Embark’s actions and each of its ESG pillars are underpinned by its vision to build a world where consumers pay less for the things they need, drivers stay closer to the homes they cherish, and roads are safer for the people Embark love.

Industry Leading, Founder-Led Management Team

Embark’s industry-leading management and technology teams reflect a diversity of expertise and experience, positioning it for continued industry leadership.

Alex Rodrigues co-founded Embark and has served as Embark’s Chief Executive Officer since the company’s founding in 2016. Mr. Rodrigues has an extensive background in robotics, beginning with a world robotics championship win as a middle school student in 2009. Mr. Rodrigues studied at the University of Waterloo, where he built Canada’s first self-driving vehicle, a golf cart that was used to take guests on tours of the campus. Mr. Rodrigues is a 2016 Thiel Fellowship recipient and was accepted into Silicon Valley startup incubator Y-Combinator, where he launched Embark.

Brandon Moak co-founded Embark and has served as Embark’s Chief Technology Officer since the company’s founding in 2016. In his role, he leads engineering and R&D at Embark, and has overseen development of the Embark Driver software, the core of Embark’s commercialization effort. Mr. Moak previously worked as a robotics engineer and a software developer, respectively, at technology companies Kindred.ai and Clear Blue Technologies.

Richard Hawwa serves as Embark’s Chief Finance Officer since April 2021. Mr. Hawwa joined Embark with over fifteen years of investment banking experience, most recently serving as a Managing Director at Citigroup, leading coverage across the global mobility sector. He has worked closely with companies advising on strategic matters and assisting on capital raising transactions.

Stephen Houghton serves as Embark’s Chief Operations Officer since January 2022 and joined Embark in June 2021 as Chief Operations and Fleet Officer. Mr. Houghton is a veteran executive who brings two decades of leadership experience to Embark, including six years working on autonomous vehicles at Amazon and Cruise. As VP of Global Markets at Cruise, Mr. Houghton oversaw a team of more than 700 during a period of rapid growth. Mr. Houghton has degrees from Stanford and Harvard, experience as a management consultant at McKinsey, and is a veteran of the Iraq War. He currently serves as an Officer in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves.

Sid Venkatesan serves as Embark’s Chief Legal Officer since April 2021. Before Embark, Mr. Venkatesan served as Executive Counsel and Chief IP Counsel at GE Digital, where he led negotiations of commercial deals and M&A and oversaw General Electric’s Industrial Internet of Things IP strategy. Prior to GE, Mr. Venkatesan was a Partner at Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP, resident in the firm’s Silicon Valley office representing major technology companies across a broad range of industries. Mr. Venkatesan has also written on IP strategy topics in leading industry publications and has been the recipient of many legal industry awards, including recognition as a Corporate IP Star, Future Star, and Lawyer on the Fast Track amongst other accolades. Mr. Venkatesan holds an MBA from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, a JD from NYU School of Law, and a BS in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Cornell University, concentrating in Automotive Engineering.

Embark’s Strategy

Embark will focus on continued technological growth in partnership with key industry participants as it progresses toward anticipated “driver-out” testing in 2023.

As Embark continues to develop its autonomous vehicle technology it plans to expand its technology team to support full operational scale. Embark believes that maintaining and upgrading its industry-leading technology infrastructure and personnel will allow it to achieve its development goals. To that end, Embark intends to make investments in headcount to grow its engineering team in order to maintain and further build on its technology position, as well as to make other investments in appropriate administrative, operational and sales personnel as it scales its organization and prepares for commercial launch of its L4 offering.

Key elements of Embark’s strategy include: Achieve Key Technical Milestones and Expand Partner Development Program.

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Achieve Key Technical Milestones

Embark achieved the following technical milestones in 2021:

Embark plans to achieve the following key technical milestones:

Expand Partner Development Program

Embark anticipates leveraging its PDP to gain potential market share and expand geographic coverage with carriers and shippers. Embark has entered into non-binding agreements with a number of key carriers and shippers and is in active negotiation with a sufficient number of carriers and shippers to support its long term growth expectations. In addition, Embark is in discussions with key real estate players to add their truck stops to Embark’s coverage map.

Competition

Embark is the longest-running self-driving truck program in the U.S., which provides a competitive advantage. There are several competitors that have an AV trucking solution, including TuSimple, Aurora Innovation, and Waymo. Of the aforementioned, TuSimple is the only competitor that focuses solely on the trucking market, whereas Aurora Innovation and Waymo are also developing a robotaxi solution. Embark differentiates itself having developed a technology stack that is not over-reliant on HD Maps, and instead focuses on its patent-pending technology in Vision Map Fusion. Also, Embark has developed the Embark Universal Interface, which is a modular approach to hardware that allows the Embark Driver to work across multiple OEM Platforms. Lastly, Embark has an asset-light approach, and partners with a variety of constituents within the logistics and trucking ecosystem.

Some of Embark’s current and potential competitors are larger and have substantially greater resources than Embark does. These competitors may be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies or the promotion and sale of their offerings, or to offer lower prices. Embark’s current and potential competitors may also establish cooperative or strategic relationships amongst themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and offerings. However, Embark’s focus, from its founding, on the AV trucking market we believe provides a competitive advantage and has allowed Embark to be highly capital efficient in developing its technology.

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Embark believes its ability to compete successfully as a provider of AV trucking services does and will depend on a number of factors including the price of its offerings, consumer confidence in its technology, its ability to execute on its strategy and the continued economic viability of its business model. Embark believes that it competes favorably on the basis of these factors.

Government Regulation

Embark’s public policy strategy is oriented around three goals:

Embark has crafted federal and state policy strategies that support these goals by leveraging key industry groups and other allies while solidifying Embark’s position as an industry leader. Embark is the longest-running self-driving truck program, and has been proactively engaged with government stakeholders nearly from our beginning, affording us long-standing relationships with both political leadership and career staff at key regulatory agencies. Embark has a track record of success in advocating on behalf of the industry, serving as a leading voice on state and federal policy and legislative issues. Embark intends to continue to invest in these efforts to maintain its leadership in the public policy arena.

Intellectual Property

Embark relies on a combination of intellectual property, primarily trade secrets and copyrights, to establish and protect its intellectual property rights. In addition, Embark relies on significant technical measures, including the fact that its software is maintained securely in a proprietary cloud environment and is not accessible by customers, component suppliers or competitors in its current development and scale-up phase. Employee devices are encrypted and closely protected, with administrative controls to remotely lock or wipe compromised devices, while at the same time revoking credentials for individual employees with access to its internal systems. In addition, Embark employs physical security measures and employment processes to maintain the security of its physical assets and the integrity of its trade secrets and copyrighted source code.

Embark also protects its proprietary technology and other confidential information through the use of contractual protections with employees, contractors, customers, and partners. Embark requires its employees, consultants, and other third parties to enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements through which they agree to maintain confidentiality and, as applicable, agree to assign to Embark any inventions, trade secrets, works of authorship, developments, and other processes generated by them for Embark. In addition, Embark enters into confidentiality agreements with its vendors, commercial partners and potential customers.

Embark will also file patent applications on certain key aspects of its proprietary software, and intends to pursue patent protection on certain key aspects of its technology as it transitions into its commercial phase and potential concerns about publication through patents become less acute. Embark also pursues trademark protection and is the registered holder of several domain registrations and will continue to invest in and grow its brand protection assets over time. Although Embark relies on intellectual property rights, including trade secrets, copyrights, and trademarks, as well as contractual protections to establish and protect its proprietary rights, Embark believes it is its team’s ability to execute — by scaling its business and executing on its technology and commercial development activities, that will maintain its market leadership position.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, Embark may be involved in actions, claims, suits, and other proceedings in the ordinary course of its business. In addition, from time to time, third parties may in the future assert intellectual property infringement claims against Embark in the form of letters and other forms of communication. Litigation or any other legal or administrative proceeding, regardless of the outcome, can result in substantial cost and diversion of its resources, including its management's time and attention. Such matters are subject to uncertainty and there can be no assurance that such legal proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on our business, the results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

On April 1, 2022, Tyler Hardy filed a putative securities class action lawsuit against Embark and certain of our executive officers and the former executive officers of Northern Genesis Acquisition Corp., captioned Hardy v. Embark Technology, Inc., et al., Case No. 3:22-cv-02090-JSC, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, purportedly on behalf of a class

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consisting of those who purchased or otherwise acquired Embark common stock between January 12, 2021 and January 5, 2022. The complaint alleges that defendants made false and/or misleading statements in violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. Plaintiff Hardy does not quantify any damages in the complaint, but in addition to attorneys' fees and costs, seeks to recover damages on behalf of himself and other persons who purchased or otherwise acquired Embark stock during the putative class period at allegedly inflated prices and purportedly suffered financial harm as a result.

Embark disputes the allegations in the above-referenced matter, intends to defend the matter vigorously, and believes that the claims are without merit. Legal and regulatory proceedings, including the above-referenced matter, may be based on complex claims involving substantial uncertainties and unascertainable damages. Accordingly, it is not possible to determine the probability of loss or estimate damages for the above-referenced matter, and therefore, Embark has not established reserves for this proceeding. When Embark determines that a loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, Embark will record a liability, and, if the liability is material, will disclose the amount of the liability reserved. Given that such proceedings are subject to uncertainty, there can be no assurance that legal proceedings individually or in the aggregate will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Advisory Board

Embark has established its Strategic Advisory Board, a committee of distinguished trucking and supply chain executives that we expect will guide Embark’s business expansion. The Advisory Board includes some of the best and brightest minds in the transportation industry who will advise Embark management on overall business strategy and execution.

Collectively, the Advisory Board members bring decades of executive experience and well over 150 years of collective professional and leadership experience across the transportation, freight and logistics ecosystem. The six members come from diverse sectors of the broader transportation industry, including shipping, trucking, truck OEMs, Tier-1 suppliers and component manufacturers, and consumer packaged goods. The Strategic Advisory Board is comprised of the individuals listed below.

Jonathan B. DeGaynor

Jon DeGaynor was appointed president and chief executive officer of Stoneridge, Inc. (“Stoneridge”), a designer and manufacturer of highly engineered electrical and electronic systems, in March 2015. He has served as a director of Stoneridge since May 2015. To accelerate growth and drive financial performance, Jon has led the transformation of Stoneridge’s corporate structure, product strategy and leadership team. Examples of this transformation include the relocation of a global headquarters, two major acquisitions, two divestitures and the development of the Stoneridge’s game-changing technology, MirrorEye® Camera Monitor System.

Prior to joining Stoneridge, Mr. DeGaynor served as the vice president, strategic planning and innovation of Guardian Industries Corp., a manufacturer of industrial glass and other building products for commercial, residential and automotive applications. From 2008 to 2014, Jon served as vice president, business development, managing director of Asia for SRG Global, Inc., a Guardian company and manufacturer of chrome plated parts for the automotive, commercial truck and consumer goods industries. Jon served as chief operating officer, international for Autocam Corporation, a manufacturer of precision machine components for the automotive industry, from 2005 to 2008. Prior to that, he held positions of increasing responsibility with Delphi Corporation from 1993 to 2005.

Mr. DeGaynor holds a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from University of Michigan and a Master of Business Administration from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.

Rich J. Freeland

Rich Freeland has extensive experience in the North American heavy duty trucking industry. He previously served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Cummins Inc. (“Cummins”) from 2014 to 2019, and has held senior leadership positions at Cummins since 2005. During his tenure there, Mr. Freeland led the design and manufacturing of innovative engine products and developed partnerships with OEMs and major national trucking companies.

Mr. Freeland previously served as a board member for Cummins, Sauer-Danfoss, and the National Association of Manufacturers. He is currently a board member of Valvoline, a leading provider of automotive services and premium branded lubricants, and Cooper-Standard Automotive, a global supplier of systems and components for the automotive industry.

Mr. Freeland holds a Bachelor of Science in industrial management from Purdue University’s Krannert School of Management and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University’s Kelley School of Business.

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David A. Jackson

David Jackson has served as the Chief Executive Officer of Knight, and now Knight-Swift, and a member of the board of directors of Knight since January 2015. He has served as the President of Knight since February 2011. Mr. Jackson previously served as Knight’s Chief Financial Officer from 2004 until 2012. He has been with Knight since 2000. Mr. Jackson served as Knight’s Treasurer from 2006 to 2011 and Knight’s Secretary from 2007 to 2011. Prior to his appointment as the CFO, Mr. Jackson served in several positions at Knight between 2000 and 2004. Mr. Jackson received an undergraduate degree from Arizona State University.

Terry S. Kline

Terry Kline is a seasoned technologist and automotive and trucking industry expert, having served as an IT leader at major global OEMs during his career. He previously served as Senior Vice President and Global CIO of Navistar International from 2013 to 2018, where he was responsible for all aspects of IT across Navistar, overseeing more than 500 employees and a budget of nearly $200 million. Prior to Navistar, Terry held senior leadership roles at General Motors (“GM”) from 2000 to 2012, including serving as Vice President and Global CIO from 2009 to 2012, where he managed GM’s global IT operations.

Mr. Kline is currently the Managing Director of TSK Technology Group, a consulting firm he founded in 2012 specializing in the connected vehicle industry.

Mr. Kline holds a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering from the University of Toledo, and a Master of Business Administration from Indiana University.

Michele S. Meyer

Michele Meyer has spent the majority of her 30-plus year career in the CPG industry at General Mills, and held leadership roles at General Mills for over two decades. She most recently served as President and SVP for General Mills’ Snacks Operating Unit, a position she held from 2017 to 2019. During her tenure at General Mills, she oversaw national product launches, restructured and optimized global supply chains, and spearheaded major business growth initiatives.

Ms. Meyer currently serves as an Operating Partner at Newroad Capital Partners and as a board member at the SPOON Foundation, the National Association of Corporate Directors (Minneapolis Chapter), and Woman Corporate Directors (Minneapolis Chapter). She has previously held board positions at major companies and nonprofits including GNC Holdings and CommonBond Communities.

Ms. Meyer holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Vanderbilt University and Master of Business Administration from the University of Texas, Austin.

Michael K. Pigors

Michael Pigors spent his 40-plus year career at Federal Express (“FedEx”), where he most recently served as Regional President and Executive Vice President for US Domestic and US International, FedEx’s largest business unit, from 2017 to 2019, overseeing more than 100,000 team members and managing a budget of over $10 billion. Mr. Pigors began his career at FedEx in 1979 as a Ramp Agent, and has since worked throughout the organization, holding senior leadership positions since 1990.

Mr. Pigors previously served on the board of directors of the Intermodal Transportation Institute, a program at the University of Denver’s Center for Transportation Management founded to promote sustainable transportation systems worldwide.

Mr. Pigors holds a Master of Science in Science Transportation Management from the University of Denver.

Facilities

Embark’s corporate headquarters are located in San Francisco, California, where its research and development is based. Embark also has operations centers in the greater Los Angeles area as well as the greater Houston area where its fleet runs daily tests. Embark believes its office space is adequate for its current needs, and it will obtain additional space on commercially reasonable terms, if needed.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of Embark’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with Embark’s financial statements and related notes and other information included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Embark’s actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this prospectus. Additionally, Embark’s historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in any future period.

Overview

Embark develops technologically advanced autonomous driving software for the truck freight industry and offers a carefully constructed business model that is expected to provide the industry with the most attractive path to adopting autonomous driving. Specifically, Embark has developed a Software as a Service (“SaaS”) platform designed to interoperate with a broad range of truck OEM platforms, forgoing complicated and logistically challenging truck building or hardware manufacturing operations in favor of focusing on a superior driving technology. At scale, domestic shippers and carriers will be able to access Embark technology via a subscription software license selected as an option at the time they specify the build of new semi-trucks.

Headquartered in San Francisco, California, Embark’s history as the industry’s longest running autonomous truck driving program is replete with technological firsts that include, but are not limited to:

Embark’s founding team includes roboticists and its broader team includes numerous computer scientists, many with advanced degrees and experience at other leading robotics and autonomous vehicle companies and academic programs. Through this business combination, Embark intends to rapidly scale its engineering team to build on its industry-leading technology position.

Embark has also spent considerable time and effort refining its business model. Embark is initially deploying its technology in a very focused manner, targeting freight highway miles between transfer points located next to metropolitan areas in the lower “Sunbelt” region of the U.S., leaving the “last mile” of driving to and from the transfer points to the industry’s highly skilled human drivers. Embark’s strategy is distinct from other industry players which seek to provide more complicated “end to end” autonomous driving that would entirely displace human drivers and potentially place these companies in competition with the industry’s carriers. Unlike those competitors, Embark anticipates working with the industry’s existing players to help them bring autonomous driving technology to market on their own terms. In addition, Embark believes its solution will be the safest and most reliable in the industry because of its disciplined geographic focus and emphasis on software development, which stands in contrast to Embark’s competitors that focus on multiple domestic markets simultaneously, manufacturing autonomous trucks and/or competing directly with semi-truck OEMs or legacy carriers.

Embark’s business model focus does not come at any significant commercial expense for Embark’s stockholders because the serviceable market Embark is targeting is significant. Embark currently targets the rapidly growing $730 billion U.S. truck freight market, and its initial commercial phase targets 236 billion serviceable miles within this market. The industry has had to face significant pressures from the growth of e-commerce and the well-documented shortage of skilled drivers, and therefore has powerful incentives to adopt autonomous driving solutions to both improve capacity and reduce costs. In addition, Embark’s cooperative model has already had traction with many of the industry’s leading shippers and carriers.

The Business Combination

We entered into the Merger Agreement with Northern Genesis Acquisition Corp. II ("NGA"), a special purpose acquisition company, on June 22, 2021. On November 10, 2021, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub, a newly formed subsidiary of NGA, merged with and into Embark Trucks (the “Business Combination”). In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, the separate corporate existence of Merger Sub ceased; Embark Trucks survived and became a wholly owned subsidiary of NGA, which was renamed Embark Technology, Inc.

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The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization, in accordance with GAAP. Under the guidance in ASC 805, Embark was treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. Embark Trucks was deemed the accounting predecessor of the combined business, and Embark, as the parent company of the combined business, was the successor SEC registrant, meaning that our financial statements for previous periods will be disclosed in the registrant’s periodic reports filed with the SEC. The Business Combination had a significant impact on our reported financial position and results as a consequence of the reverse recapitalization. The most significant changes in Embark’s reported financial position and results are a net increase in cash of $243.9 million, net of transaction costs for the Business Combination of $70.2 million. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had warrant liabilities of $27.3 million and $49.4 million, respectively.

Recent Developments Affecting Comparability

COVID-19 Impact

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the 2019 novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) a global pandemic. In the United States, as part of government-imposed restrictions, Embark was forced to temporarily pause fleet testing and operations in 2020. Embark also implemented a work-from-home policy for most of its non-operations team. However, a select group of workers remained on-site to continue advancing testing work for its test fleet. Since then, Embark has resumed its fleet testing and operations and has increased headcount to match its research and development requirements.

The future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Embark’s operational and financial performance will depend on certain developments, including the duration and end of the pandemic, the occurrence of future outbreaks from new variants, including the ongoing outbreak of the Omicron variant, impact on Embark’s research and development efforts, and effect on Embark’s suppliers, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. Public and private sector policies and initiatives to reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and disruptions to Embark’s operations and the operations of Embark’s third-party suppliers, along with the related global slowdown in economic activity, may result in increased costs. It is possible that the COVID-19 pandemic, the measures that have been taken or that may be taken by the federal, state, local authorities and businesses affected by government-mandated business closures, vaccination mandates and the resulting economic impact may materially and adversely affect Embark’s business, results of operations, cash flows and financial positions.

See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Embark’s Employees and Business Operations — Pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, terrorist activities, political unrest, and other outbreaks could have a material adverse impact on Embark’s business, results of operations, financial condition, cash flows or liquidity, and the extent to which Embark will be impacted will depend on future developments, which cannot be predicted.” for further discussion of the possible impact of COVID-19 on Embark’s business.

Key Factors Affecting Embark’s Operating Performance

Embark’s financial condition, results of operations, and future success depend on several factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus and the following:

Embark’s Ability to Achieve Key Technical Milestones and Deliver a Commercial Product

Embark’s growth will depend on the introduction of Embark Driver and Embark Guardian, products which will drive demand from potential customers. Embark has developed a platform agnostic interface, Embark Universal Interface, which will serve as the foundation to utilize Embark Driver and Guardian products in trucks manufactured by a broad range of OEMs. Embark’s ability to introduce its products will be driven by a variety of factors including Embark’s research and development fleet size, the number of autonomous miles driven (measured as the number of miles driven by Embark’s research & development fleet as well as partner fleet autonomous miles), and the ability to provide a safe and sustainable solution based on information gathered from the operation of Embark’s research and development fleet. Embark develops most key technologies in-house to achieve a rapid pace of innovation and tests it extensively through operating Embark’s fleet. Embark expects an increase in research and development fleet size in the foreseeable future to allow Embark to strategically focus on innovations, which it believes will help solidify Embark’s overall solution to customers and partners. To date, Embark has not generated any revenue and until Embark’s products reach commercialization, autonomous miles driven will be comprised solely of autonomous miles driven by Embark’s research and development fleet. Embark believes that as the number of autonomous miles driven increases, the data will continually feed improvements to the platform, leading to Embark’s ability to innovate and introduce new products to the market and increase adoption of Embark’s products in the future.

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Embark’s Ability to Expand its Coverage Map Across the United States

Embark’s long-term growth potential will benefit from strategic network expansion across the United States. Network breadth is measured by the number of transfer points on Embark’s coverage map, the number of cities in which the Embark Driver can support, and the number of direct-to-customer freight lanes in operation. Embark expects to achieve significant network growth by partnering with key real-estate partners which will enable Embark to quickly bring their truck stops into its coverage map. Additionally, Embark will partner with shippers who already move a significant amount of freight on Embark’s network to establish direct-to-customer freight lanes. Embark believes that expanding its network will enable Embark to create a significant and sustainable competitive advantage. Embark believes that the continued growth of Embark’s partnerships will improve user experience and drive more users to Embark’s platform, which it believes will allow Embark to further densify its coverage map and reinforce rapid network growth. Embark will apply a highly scalable model nationally, with a tailored approach to each state, driven by the regulatory environment and local market dynamics. Embark believes that this will allow Embark to expand rapidly and efficiently across different geographies, while maintaining a high level of control over the specific strategy within each state.

Embark’s Ability to Expand its Partner Network

The growth of Embark’s business model is focused on driving the adoption of its technical products and maximizing their use across Embark’s partners’ operations. This is achieved by enabling pilot testing of Embark’s products throughout customers’ operations. In April 2021, Embark formally announced the Embark Partner Development Program, which serves as the basis of its partnership network. The PDP comprises shippers and carriers from across the freight ecosystem working with Embark to refine and scale Embark’s offerings. Most recently, Embark announced the industry-first Truck Transfer Program to place Embark technology in the hands of Knight-Swift drivers.

Embark estimates that these existing partners operate approximately 39,000 trucks and purchase approximately 9,000 trucks annually. Embark believes that its current carriers reflect a small fraction of the overall demand for its technology and is in discussions with other carriers representing 50% of the top 100 carriers measured by truck count, which represent a dramatically larger addressable market. Embark plans to increase PDP membership by providing network assessments for prospective members and constructing business cases to support Embark’s product integration into their operations. Over time, it is expected that these partners will convert into long-term Embark customers.

Adoption and Support of Autonomous Technology in the Freight Industry

Embark’s business model is supported by a large addressable market that Embark believes will benefit from the introduction of autonomous trucking technology. The freight industry is currently facing significant challenges, notably driver shortages and utilization limitations, which Embark believes it will address through its product offerings. Embark has identified participants from across the freight ecosystem who have expressed support for Embark’s offerings and the potential solutions they provide to the challenges they are facing.

While Embark has confirmed general market support, the long-term success of its business model is dependent on broadscale adoption and support of autonomous trucking technology. Embark has engaged with notable partners in the freight industry who Embark believes will lead the industry in adopting autonomous vehicle technology. As Embark onboards more partners, it will increase miles driven by partners, which Embark believes will serve to validate its product offerings and generate interest and confidence from other partners. Embark believes customers will be motivated to integrate Embark’s technology to be price competitive with other freight participants who have achieved efficiencies with Embark.

Key Components of Embark’s Results of Operations

The following discussion describes certain line items in Embark’s statements of operations.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses. Personnel-related costs are the most significant component of Embark’s operating expenses and include salaries, benefits, and stock-based compensation expenses.

Embark’s full-time employee headcount in research and development has grown from 84 as of December 31, 2020 to 242 as of March 31, 2022, and Embark expects to continue to hire new employees to support Embark’s growth. Embark’s full-time employee headcount in general and administrative functions has grown from 17 as of December 31, 2020, to 62 as of March 31, 2022, and

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Embark intends to selectively hire new employees in areas of strategic focus. The timing of these additional hires would affect Embark’s operating expenses in any particular period.

Embark intends to continue to invest substantial resources to support Embark’s growth and anticipates that each of the following categories of operating expenses could increase in absolute dollar amounts in the near to medium term.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expenses and travel expenses related to Embark’s engineers performing research and development activities to originate, develop and enhance Embark’s products. Additional expenses include consulting charges, component purchases, and other costs for performing research and development on Embark’s software products.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expenses, and travel expenses related to Embark’s executives, finance team, and the administrative employees. It also consists of legal, accounting, consulting, and professional fees, rent and lease expenses pertaining to Embark’s offices, business insurance costs and other costs. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we scale headcount with the growth of our business, and as a result of operating as a public company, including compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, legal, audit, tax and other administrative and professional services.

Non-Operating Expenses and Other Items

Other Income (expense)

Other income (expense) consists of income generated from transporting freight on behalf of counterparties using Embark’s own research and development truck fleet equipped with its self-driving systems through various Transportation Service Agreements (“TSAs”), the change in fair value of derivative liabilities and the change in fair value of Public, Private, Working Capital and Forward Purchase Agreement (“FPA”) Warrants. The primary purpose of TSAs is to support Embark’s research and development and proof of concept efforts. Accordingly, income generated from such TSA arrangements is not expected to be the primary revenue generating activity of Embark. Change in fair value of derivative liabilities represents the increase or decrease in the fair value of the embedded conversion and redemption features, which are presented as a derivative liability, related to the convertible note payable, which was converted to Embark Class A common stock upon consummation of the Business Combination. Change in fair value of warrants represents the increase or decrease in the estimated fair value of such warrant. For each reporting period, the Company will determine the fair value of the derivative liability and warrants, and record a corresponding non-cash benefit or non-cash charge, due to a decrease or increase, respectively, in the calculated derivative liability or warrants.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned on Embark’s investments classified as available for sale securities as well as cash equivalents. Embark invests in highly liquid securities such as money market funds, as well as treasury bills.

Interest Expense

Interest expense primarily consists of non-cash interest incurred on Embark’s convertible note. The interest expense is related to the accretion of the debt discount offered upon the issuance of the convertible note.

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Results of Operations

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following table sets forth Embark’s results of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):

Comparisons for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth Embark’s condensed consolidated results of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):

N.M. — Percentage change not meaningful

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expense increased by $12.5 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to $8.8 million higher headcount expenses including stock-based compensation, salaries and employee benefits, related to continued expansion of Embark’s research and development team, a $0.2 million increase in infrastructure expenditure related to increased R&D activities, a $0.3 million increase in prototype truck hardware expenses, a $1.8 million increase in general R&D costs primarily driven by engineering software & subscription costs and a $0.2 million increase in computer and equipment expenditure related to an increase in Embark’s research and development team.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense increased by $19.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to $16.5 million higher headcount expenses including stock-based compensation, salaries and employee benefits, related to growth in the business, a $0.5 million increase in occupancy expenses related to additional leases, a $0.2 million increase in fleet operation expenses due to increased activity, a $0.6 million increase in insurance expenses and a $0.3 million increase in travel and events expenditure.

Other income (expense), net

Other income increased by $22.1 million in the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the change in the estimated fair value of Public, Private, Working Capital and FPA warrants of $22.2 million.

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Comparisons for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

The following table sets forth Embark’s statement of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the dollar and percentage change between the two periods: